Issues and debates

• What is the purpose of the issues and debates revision video?

  To summarize key points quickly
• What should you do if you don't understand the content in the revision video?

  Refer to the long videos for explanations
• What is the Psych Boost app designed for?

  To test knowledge of psychology topics
• What is the claim of universality in psychology?

  Behaviors apply to all humans regardless of differences
• What happens if a hypothesis is not tested on a diverse sample?

  It may not be generalizable
• What is gender bias in research?

  When stereotypes affect theoretical assumptions
• What is alpha bias?

  Assumption of significant differences between genders
• What is beta bias?

  Assumption of no significant differences between genders
• What is androcentrism in psychology?

  Focus on a male-centric view of the world
• What does cultural bias refer to?

  Judging behavior based on cultural norms
• What is ethnocentrism?

  Believing one's culture is superior to others
• What is cultural relativism in psychology?

  Understanding behavior within cultural context
• What did Henrik (2010) argue about psychological findings?

  They are culture biased if based on WEIRD participants
• What does WEIRD stand for in psychological research?

  Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
• How can bias in psychology be reduced?

  By using diverse samples and equal representation
• What is indigenous psychology?

  Research conducted by those familiar with the culture
• What is a reflexive approach in research?

  Researchers reflect on their biases and beliefs
• What is hard determinism?

  Behavior is set by forces outside our control
• What is soft determinism?

  Behavior is influenced by internal and external forces
• What does biological determinism state?

  Behavior is set by genetics and biological processes
• What is environmental determinism?

  Behavior is shaped by experiences and environment
• What is psychic determinism?

  Behavior is influenced by unconscious forces
• How does the free will perspective differ from determinism?

  Free will emphasizes conscious choice in behavior
• What is the nature-nurture debate?

  Discussion on the influence of biology vs. environment
• What do nativists believe about behavior?

  Biological heredity is more important
• What do empiricists believe about behavior?

  Learning environment is more important
• What is interactionism in psychology?

  Genes and environment influence each other
• What is the diathesis-stress model?

  Genetic predisposition triggered by environmental stressors
• What did Freud emphasize in his theory?

  Interaction of innate stages with life experiences
• What do concordance rates indicate in twin studies?

  Genetic similarities in behavior between twins
• What is reductionism in psychology?

  Breaking down complex phenomena into simpler components
• What is biological reductionism?

  Reducing behavior to basic biological elements
• What is environmental stimulus-response reductionism?

  Explaining behavior through stimulus-response mechanisms
• What is holism in psychology?

  Including the whole person in explanations
• How do levels of explanation vary in psychology?

  From basic components to holistic explanations
• What is the idiographic approach?

  Studying individual experiences and behaviors
• What is the nomothetic approach?

  Generating laws based on large samples
• What are the ethical implications of research?

  Consequences for participants and represented groups
• What is socially sensitive research?

  Research with potential consequences for participants
• What is reflexivity in research?

  Considering personal biases and beliefs