urban issues

• urbanisation is happening fastest in poor countries

  HIC's are more economically developed

  • they have already experienced urbanisation
  • many people leave urban areas for rural areas so the rate of urbanisation is low
• what is rural-urban migration?

  movement of people from countryside to cities
• what is a push factor?

  encourage people to leave an area#
• what is a pull factor?

  encourage people to move to an area
• push factors of rural urban migration?

  
natural disasters damage property/farmland = costly

  • rural areas find it harder to recover due to fewer resources

  mechanised agriculture equipment needs fewer workers

  • fewer jobs in rural areas

  desertification makes land unproductive

  • people cant support them selves
  • farmers income is instable
• pull factors of rural urban migration?

  
more jobs in urban areas

  • better paid

  access to better healthcare + education

  • better quality of life

  other family might have already moved there
• what is natural increase?

  when birth rate exceeds death rate

  • population growth
• where is lagos located?

  nigeria

  • nigeria is a NEE and has the highest GDP in Africa
  • fastest growing urban areas in the world
• how is Lagos important regionally?

  the large migrant population increase cultural diversity.

  • well connected with other major towns = regional trade
• how is Lagos important nationally?

  home to 80% of Nigeria's industry + global companies

  • was the capital of Nigeria until 1991
• how is Lagos important internationally?


  main financial centre for the whole of West Africa

  • 5th largest economy on the continent

  the international port and airport = global trade
• social opportunities in Lagos

  1. more healthcare centres, hospital and medicine
  2. around 90% of nigerian children in urban areas attend primary schools - only 60% attend in rural areas. Lagos has almost 20,000 schools
  3. better access to electricity (city uses 40% of Nigeria's supply) - cook more easily and light their homes
  4. water treatment plants - provide safe water that is piped directly
• economic opportunities in Lagos

  1. incomes can be 4x higher than in rural Nigeria - better paid jobs
  2. rapid growth means lots of construction jobs e.g. the new commercial centre Eko Atlantic
  3. home to many banks/government departments and manufacturing industries
  4. thriving film and music industry - Nollywood
• challenges in Lagos: slums and squatter settlements

  • house construction can’t keep up with Lagos’s population growth, increasing house prices. as a result, 66% of people in Lagos live in illegal settlements (slums).
  • houses in slums are often flimsy wooden huts.
  • as they are illegally, people face eviction if slums are demolished to clean up the city.
• challenges in Lagos: access to water, sanitation and energy

  • water - only 40% is connected to water supply. short supply that people pay inflated prices to get water from informal sellers
  • sanitation - up to 15 households can share a toilet and waste can go into local water sources. contaminated water can cause health problems and disease.
  • energy - Lagos doesn’t get enough electricity to power whole city at once so neighbourhood takes it in turns. some people get electricity from illegal connections but these often get cut.
• challenges in Lagos: health and education

  • aren’t enough healthcare facilities for everyone and many people can’t afford treatment.
  • arent enough schools for growing population (only 1 primary school in Makoko slum) and many families can’t afford to send their children to school
• challenges in Lagos: unemployment and crime

  • not enough jobs for growing population
  • 60% of population work in informal jobs without legal protection.
  • high levels of crime
• environmental issues in Lagos?

  • population produces 9000 tonnes of waste a day. only about 40% of rubbish is collected and there are large rubbish dumps.
  • waste disposal and emissions from factories are not regulated or controlled, leading to water/air pollution.
  • traffic congestion is really bad - further air pollution.
• What is the name of the urban planning scheme in Lagos?

  Makako Floating School
• social benefits of Makoko?

  • up to 100 students could be educated for free. this meant that they didnt need to work or scavenge to pay school fees.
  • school built by unskilled local workers - the skills they learnt equipped them to build and repair their own homes.
  • school used for local community meetings and activities, increasing spirit.
• economic benefits of Makoko

  • education improves local children’s job aspects
  • school provided jobs for local teachers
  • schools success encouraged government to launch the Makoko Regeneration Plan. this will develop the slum further
• environmental benefits of Makoko?

  • built using locally sourced materials including 250 floating barrels = easy repairs
  • schools buoyancy allowed it do adjust to different water levels and protect children from floods
  • ran on solar power = sustainable
  • collected rainwater for water needs = didnt use the community’s resources
• sustainability living?

  a way that lets people meet their needs now without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future.
• examples of Water conservarion?

  collecting rainwater for use on gardens/flushing toilets

  installing toilets that flush less water

  installing water meters so people have to pay for water useage

  encouraging people to use less water e.g. turning off taps when not in use