Biol

• What is the plasma membrane made of?

  Phospholipid bilayer
• What role do cholesterol molecules play in the plasma membrane?

  Affect fluidity and permeability
• What are nucleotides?

  Monomers of nucleic acids
• What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

  Purines and pyrimidines
• What sugar is found in RNA?

  Ribose
• What is the role of complementary base pairing in DNA?

  Ensures equal width of DNA strands
• What bond forms between adjacent nucleotides in DNA?

  Phosphodiester bond
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is the primary role of ATP?

  Energy transfer in metabolism
• How is ATP synthesized during respiration?

  Through condensation reaction with ATP synthase
• What is the significance of phosphorilation?

  Increases reactivity of compounds
• What does DNA code for?

  Sequence of amino acids in proteins
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double helix with anti-parallel strands
• What stabilizes the DNA structure?

  Phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds
• What is the advantage of DNA being double-stranded?

  Both strands can act as templates
• What is the process of DNA extraction from plant material?

  Homogenization, filtration, and precipitation
• What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

  Forms the main bulk of ribosomes
• What does mRNA do?

  Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes
• Why is mRNA shorter than DNA?

  It is a copy of only one gene
• What is a codon?

  Three bases on mRNA coding for an amino acid
• What is the role of tRNA?

  Transfers specific amino acids to ribosomes
• What is semiconservative DNA replication?

  One strand is conserved, one is new
• What phase does DNA replication occur in?

  S phase of interphase
• What are the three prime and five prime ends of DNA?

  Ends determined by carbon exposure in sugar
• What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds during DNA replication?

  DNA helicase
• What is the role of DNA polymerase?

  Joins adjacent DNA nucleotides
• What are the properties of the genetic code?

  Degenerate, universal, and non-overlapping
• Why is the genetic code degenerate?

  Multiple triplets can code for one amino acid
• What is the advantage of the genetic code being universal?

  Facilitates genetic engineering across species
• What is the advantage of the genetic code being non-overlapping?

  Reduces impact of mutations on proteins
• What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

  Transcription and translation
• What are introns and exons?

  Introns do not code; exons do code
• What is splicing in mRNA processing?

  Removal of introns from mRNA
• What initiates translation in protein synthesis?

  Start codon on mRNA
• What happens at the stop codon during translation?

  Ribosome detaches from mRNA
• What occurs during transcription?

  mRNA is created from DNA template
• What enzyme synthesizes mRNA during transcription?

  RNA polymerase
• What happens to mRNA after transcription?

  It leaves the nucleus for translation
• What is the role of the ribosome in translation?

  Facilitates assembly of amino acids into proteins
• What is the significance of codons in mRNA?

  Each codon codes for a specific amino acid