Endocrine

• The course module for ANPH 111 (Anatomy and Physiology) includes the study of the Endocrine System.
• The course unit objectives for ANPH 111 (Anatomy and Physiology) include describing the four classes of chemical messengers, ten regulatory functions of the endocrine system, defining hormone and target tissue, distinguishing between endocrine and exocrine glands, explaining the influence of the chemical nature of a hormone on its transport in the blood, its removal from circulation, and its lifespan, describing the three main patterns of hormone secretion, listing and describing the three stimulatory influences on hormone secretion and giving examples of each, listing and describing the thre
• The parathyroid gland regulates blood calcium ion levels.
• The adrenal medulla contains epinephrine/norepinephrine, which are released as part of the fight or flight response.
• Cortisol is a type of glucocorticoids that increases the breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses and reduces inflammatory and immune responses.
• The adrenal glands are located on the kidneys and are divided into two regions: the medulla and the cortex.
• The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen that produces insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels after a meal.
• If Ca 2+ is high, osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
• Glucagon, which is produced by the adrenal glands, regulates blood glucose levels between meals by allowing glycogen to be broken down into glucose.
• Androgens are targeted to most tissues and have functions such as males: secondary sexual characteristics and females: sex drive.
• The adrenal cortex contains aldosterone, a type of mineralocorticoids, which causes Na + and H 2 O to be retained and K + to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume.
• Testosterone, a hormone produced by the testes, targets most tissues and aids in sperm and reproductive organ development.
• Thymosin, a hormone produced by the thymus gland, targets immune system tissues and promotes immune system development and function.
• Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal body, targets the hypothalamus and plays a role in the onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms.
• The pancreatic islets secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose.
• Light affects the function of Melatonin.
• Homeostasis is restored.
• Estrogen and Progesterone, hormones produced by the ovaries, target most tissues and are involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle.
• Most tissues take up glucose when insulin binds to its receptor on the tissues.
• Blood glucose level drops back to its normal range.
• Blood glucose is within its normal range.
• Blood glucose level increases outside the normal range.
• Thyroid hormones, which are produced by the thyroid gland, regulate metabolic rates and are needed for growth.
• The regulation of Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4) secretion involves the hypothalamus and the parathyroid gland.
• The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for the secretion of Growth Hormone, which stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and organs.
• The posterior pituitary gland also secretes Oxytocin, which increases uterine contractions during labor.
• Abnormalities of TSH include too much TSH causing the thyroid gland to enlarge and too little TSH causing the thyroid gland to shrink.
• Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased metabolism, weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness, higher temperature, and pulse, and warm, flushed skin.
• Abnormalities of the thyroid gland include hypothyroidism, characterized by decreased metabolism, weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue, low temperature, and pulse, and dry, cold skin, and myxedema in adults, and cretinism in infants.
• Abnormalities of Growth Hormone include too much GH causing giantism and too little GH causing pituitary dwarfism.
• Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are indicated by blue shading, and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary by peach shading.
• Abnormalities of ADH include diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by low ADH and the kidneys producing large amounts of dilute (watery) urine, and can lead to dehydration and thirst.
• If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
• The posterior pituitary gland secretes Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which conserves water in the kidneys.
• The thyroid gland is one of the largest glands and requires iodine to function.
• The anterior pituitary gland also secretes Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which regulates the secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid gland and regulates blood Ca 2+ levels.
• Specificity in hormone action means that specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites.
• Hormone binds to receptor at cell surface, acting as the first messenger.
• Negative feedback tells body when homeostasis is reached.