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Chemistry
Paper 1
Transition metals
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Cards (58)
Where are transition metals found
in the
d-block
of the periodic table
Transition metal definition
d-block
element can form at least
1
stable
ion
with
incomplete
d
sub-shell
Cr electronic configuration exception shorthand
[Ar]
4s1
3d5
Cu electronic configuration shorthand
[Ar]
4s1
3d10
How many electrons can a d sub-shell hold
10
What must d-block elements form
At least
one
ion
(between
1-9
)
What elements in period 4 of the d-block are not transition metals
Sc
and
Zn
What happens when transition metals form positive ions
Lose
electrons
from
s
then
d
sub-shell
Why are Sc and Zn not transition metals
cannot form
stable
ions
with an
incomplete d sub-shell
What ion does Sc form
Sc3+
with an
empty
d sub-shell
What ion does Zn form
Zn2+ which has a
full
d sub-shell but loses 2 electrons from
4s
and d sub-shell remains
full
What are the oxidation states of transition metals
Variable
Example of Fe with variable oxidation states
Fe2+
and
Fe3+
What are 3 chemical properties of transition metals
Variable oxidation states
Form
coloured compounds
Good
catalysts
Why do these elements vary in oxidation state
Energy levels of
4s
and
3d
sub-shells
are close
Different numbers
electrons
gained/lost using fairly similar amounts
energy
Why are transition metals good catalysts
-Can change oxidation no transfer of electrons speeds up reaction
-Good adsorbing substances onto surface lowering Ea
Benefits catalysts
Faster
reactions
Lower temperatures
Lower pressure
Lower energy usage
Drawbacks catalysts
Toxic and health conditions can arise from long
exposure
Ligand
molecule/ion with a
lone pair
of electrons capable of forming
dative bonds
to
metal ion
Monodentate ligand
one lone pair of
electrons
available for bonding
Bidentate ligand
Ligand with 2
lone pairs
of electrons that an form 2
coordinate bonds
with metal ion
Multidentate ligand
can form
2
/ more
coordinate bonds
Complex ions
metal ion
surrounded
co-ordinately
bonded
ligands
Coordination number
number of
coordinate bonds
What shape does 6 coordinate bonds mean
Octahedral
Does 4 coordinate bonds always mean tetrahedral
No
What does 4 coordinate bonds mean
Tetrahedral
or
square planar
When does optical isomerism occur
between 2
non-superimposable
mirror images
Cis/trans isomerism
2 diffrent
groups
attached
Cis-platin and cancer treatment
Pt(II)
with 2
chloride
ions and 2
ammonia
molecules
2
Cl
ions easily displaces bonds N on
DNA
in cancerous cells
Blocks DNA prevents cancer cell reproducing
But also prevents normal cells reproducing
[Cu(H20)6]2+ colour
pale blue
[Cu(H20)6]2+ NH3 added
pale blue
ppt
[Cu(H20)6]2+ excess ammonia
dark
blue
CuCl42-
excess HCl
yellow
Cu+ colour
Reduction with
I-
white ppt
and brown
I2
Cu2+ or Cu colour
Cu brown solid
CuS04 blue solution
CoCl42- excess HCl and water
blue
[Mn(H20)6]2+ colour
Pale
pink
[Mn(H20)6]2+ NaOH
pale brown
ppt
[Fe(H20)6]2+ colour
pale
green
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