Transition metals

    Cards (58)

    • Where are transition metals found
      in the d-block of the periodic table
    • Transition metal definition
      d-block element can form at least 1 stable ion with incomplete d sub-shell
    • Cr electronic configuration exception shorthand
      [Ar] 4s1 3d5
    • Cu electronic configuration shorthand
      [Ar] 4s1 3d10
    • How many electrons can a d sub-shell hold
      10
    • What must d-block elements form
      At least one ion (between 1-9)
    • What elements in period 4 of the d-block are not transition metals
      Sc and Zn
    • What happens when transition metals form positive ions
      Lose electrons from s then d sub-shell
    • Why are Sc and Zn not transition metals
      cannot form stable ions with an incomplete d sub-shell
    • What ion does Sc form
      Sc3+ with an empty d sub-shell
    • What ion does Zn form
      Zn2+ which has a full d sub-shell but loses 2 electrons from 4s and d sub-shell remains full
    • What are the oxidation states of transition metals
      Variable
    • Example of Fe with variable oxidation states
      Fe2+ and Fe3+
    • What are 3 chemical properties of transition metals
      Variable oxidation states
      Form coloured compounds
      Good catalysts
    • Why do these elements vary in oxidation state
      Energy levels of 4s and 3d sub-shells are close
      Different numbers electrons gained/lost using fairly similar amounts energy
    • Why are transition metals good catalysts
      -Can change oxidation no transfer of electrons speeds up reaction
      -Good adsorbing substances onto surface lowering Ea
    • Benefits catalysts
      Faster reactions
      Lower temperatures
      Lower pressure
      Lower energy usage
    • Drawbacks catalysts
      Toxic and health conditions can arise from long exposure
    • Ligand
      molecule/ion with a lone pair of electrons capable of forming dative bonds to metal ion
    • Monodentate ligand
      one lone pair of electrons available for bonding
    • Bidentate ligand
      Ligand with 2 lone pairs of electrons that an form 2 coordinate bonds with metal ion
    • Multidentate ligand
      can form 2/ more coordinate bonds
    • Complex ions
      metal ion surrounded co-ordinately bonded ligands
    • Coordination number
      number of coordinate bonds
    • What shape does 6 coordinate bonds mean
      Octahedral
    • Does 4 coordinate bonds always mean tetrahedral
      No
    • What does 4 coordinate bonds mean
      Tetrahedral or square planar
    • When does optical isomerism occur
      between 2 non-superimposable mirror images
    • Cis/trans isomerism
      2 diffrent groups attached
    • Cis-platin and cancer treatment
      Pt(II) with 2 chloride ions and 2 ammonia molecules
      2 Cl ions easily displaces bonds N on DNA in cancerous cells
      Blocks DNA prevents cancer cell reproducing
      But also prevents normal cells reproducing
    • [Cu(H20)6]2+ colour
      pale blue
    • [Cu(H20)6]2+ NH3 added
      pale blue ppt
    • [Cu(H20)6]2+ excess ammonia
      dark blue
    • CuCl42- excess HCl

      yellow
    • Cu+ colour
      Reduction with I- white ppt
      and brown I2
    • Cu2+ or Cu colour
      Cu brown solid
      CuS04 blue solution
    • CoCl42- excess HCl and water
      blue
    • [Mn(H20)6]2+ colour
      Pale pink
    • [Mn(H20)6]2+ NaOH
      pale brown ppt
    • [Fe(H20)6]2+ colour
      pale green