wk 24

• What should students be able to explain regarding water quality testing?

  Use of indicator organisms
• Why is water and sanitation important?

  Prevents waterborne infections
• What is the significance of rotavirus globally?

  It contributes significantly to disease burden
• What should students discuss regarding rotavirus vaccines?

  How the vaccines were developed
• Why do we want clean water?

  To prevent contamination and disease
• How can our water become contaminated?

  Through various environmental and human factors
• Is bottled water sterile?

  No, it is not sterile
• What is the risk of bottled water left open?

  It may contain more microbes
• How often is tap water in the UK treated?

  Regularly
• What type of bacteria is used as an indicator of faecal contamination?

  Coliform bacteria
• What can water contamination cause in developing countries?

  Infectious diseases
• What are diseases commonly transmitted through infected water?

  Waterborne diseases
• Why is water important for the spread of infectious diseases?

  Micro-organisms are present in drinking water
• What disease is caused by organisms with part of their lifecycle in water?

  Schistosomiasis
• Name a common waterborne bacteria that causes diarrhoea.

  Escherichia coli
• What disease does Salmonella typhi cause?

  Typhoid fever
• What is the common cause of childhood diarrhoea?

  Rotavirus
• Who is mostly affected by schistosomiasis?

  Poor and rural communities
• What increases the risk of schistosomiasis in women?

  Washing clothes in infested water
• Why are children especially vulnerable to schistosomiasis?

  They play in contaminated water
• What is a risk factor for HIV infection in women related to schistosomiasis?

  Urogenital schistosomiasis
• How many deaths are caused by diarrhoeal disease annually?

  1.8 million
• What percentage of diarrhoeal deaths are due to unsafe water?

  88%
• What can floods increase the risk of?

  Water-borne diseases
• What is a vector-borne disease that can increase due to floods?

  Malaria
• What is the impact of getting clean water to flood-struck areas?

  Minimizes risk of disease
• What does WASH stand for?

  Water, sanitation, and hygiene
• What is the faeco-oral route?

  A transmission route for pathogens
• What are coliforms?

  A group of organisms found in water
• What does the presence of E. coli indicate?

  Faecal contamination of water
• What is the significance of Enterococci in water quality?

  Indicator organism for recreational water
• What did Enterococci replace in the USA federal standard?

  Fecal coliforms
• What is the limitation of using indicator organisms?

  No absolute correlation with pathogens
• What is membrane filtration used for?

  Assessing water treatment efficiency
• What is the maximum concentration of E. coli allowed in UK water?

  0/250 ml
• What is the maximum colony count at 22°C allowed in UK water?

  100/ml
• What is the maximum colony count at 37°C allowed in UK water?

  20/ml
• What was the Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation?

  Halve people without access by 2015
• What is the aim of the Bill and Melinda Gates programme?

  Universal access to sanitation services
• What does the UNICEF WASH programme aim to improve?

  Water supplies and sanitation facilities