Homeostasis

• When a change is detected, the body activates mechanisms to counteract the change and bring the system back to its optimal state.
• Hormones released from glands into the bloodstream act on target cells or organs.
• The endocrine system is slower but more long-lasting than the nervous system.
• Homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by the nervous system, which can respond quickly to changes.
• Negative feedback loops are a key mechanism in maintaining homeostasis, where the body responds to changes by counteracting them and returning to a stable state.
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promotes the release of cortisol.
• Homeostatic systems are controlled by negative feedback loops that detect changes from normal levels and activate corrective actions.
• Positive feedback loops amplify or exaggerate changes in a system, leading to further deviation from the set point.
• Negative feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by returning the system to an equilibrium point when it deviates from the set point.
• Homeostatic control systems are responsible for maintaining internal conditions within narrow limits despite changes in external factors.
• The nervous system uses electrical signals transmitted through nerves to coordinate responses.
• Homeostatic control involves negative feedback loops that maintain stability within biological systems.
• Negative feedback loops involve detecting an unwanted change and responding with actions that oppose it.
• Examples of homeostatic control include maintaining constant temperature, pH level, water balance, glucose concentration, and oxygen supply.
• Positive feedback loops amplify changes and may lead to instability if not regulated properly.
• Negative feedback loops involve sensors detecting changes in conditions, sending signals to effectors to make adjustments, and returning to normal when equilibrium is reached.
• Negative feedback loops involve detectors that monitor conditions within an organism's internal environment and compare them with set points.
• Positive feedback loops amplify changes by reinforcing them until they reach an extreme point.
• Cortisol increases glucose levels in the blood.
• If there is a difference between the actual value and the set point, corrective actions will be taken until equilibrium is restored.
• Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose.
• Insulin regulates the uptake of glucose by cells.
• Examples of positive feedback include childbirth (contraction stimulates further contractions) and menstruation (hormone levels increase uterus lining).
• Examples of positive feedback include childbirth, vomiting, and sneezing.
• The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain and plays a role in regulating various bodily functions such as temperature control, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and sexual behavior.
• Positive feedback loops amplify signals until they reach a threshold level.
• An example of positive feedback is labor contractions during childbirth, where uterus contraction causes cervix dilation, which increases pressure on nerves causing stronger contractions.
• In positive feedback, an initial change leads to additional changes that reinforce the original change.
• In positive feedback, an initial stimulus triggers a response that increases the intensity of the original signal.
• Examples of positive feedback include childbirth, menstruation, and vomiting.
• In negative feedback, an initial change triggers a response that opposes the original change and restores balance.
• Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various functions.
• The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions through its connections with other parts of the nervous system.
• Examples of homeostatic mechanisms include body temperature regulation, blood glucose concentration maintenance, and water balance.
• The pituitary gland secretes several hormones including growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, and melanocyte stimulating hormone.
• Body temperature is regulated by thermoregulatory centers located in the hypothalamus.
• It also regulates autonomic responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
• pH levels are maintained through buffering agents like bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
• The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, two hormones involved in blood sugar regulation.
• The hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the central nervous system and the endocrine system, controlling the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.