Ch. 7&8 Concepts

• Cellular Respiration

  • Fundamental process that powers life
  • Converts food into energy that is used to perform vital functions in living organisms
  • Includes aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic Respiration

  1. Glycolysis:

  • Produces: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates
  • Removes 4 electrons and 1 proton
  • Core process of cellular respiration
  • Series of reactions to break down glucose
• Aerobic Respiration

  2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle:

  • Produces: ATP and CO2 byproduct
  • Removes more electrons
  • Takes place in the mitochondria
  • Central hub for extracting energy from glucose
  • Series of enzymatic reactions
  • Results in the production of high energy molecules: NADH and FADH2
• Aerobic Respiration:

  3. Electron Transport Chain:

  • Produces: 32-34 ATP
  • the most of all the stages
  • Final stage of cellular respiration
  • Located in inner mitochondrial membrane
  • Harnesses energy stored in electrons
  • Completes a series of redox reactions
• Anerobic Respiration

  • Electrons are accepted by sulfur, nitrate, and other inorganic molecules instead of oxygen
  • Without oxygen, fermentation can occur
• Aerobic Respiration

  • Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
  • C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• Aerobic Respiration

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
• Aerobic Respiration...

  • Cannot occur in the absence of oxygen (has to wait for it)
  • Produces a large amount of ATP
  • Occurs in the Mitochondria and cytoplasm

  Anaorbic Respiration..

  • Can occur in the absence of oxygen
  • Produces a smaller amount of ATP
  • Occurs in the Cytoplasm
• Photosynthesis

  • Process that sustains all life on Earth
  • Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide ->oxygen and glucose
  • Done by plants, algae, and some bacteria
  • Provides energy needed to grow, reproduce, and carry out other metabolic processes
  • 2 parts of photosynthesis reactions (Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle)
• Photosynthesis:

  • Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Chloroplasts

  • Organelles where photosynthesis occurs
  • Contains cholorphyll (green) pigments Photosystems

  Photosystems

  • Photosystems I and II
  • Functional unit for photosynthesis
  • Capture and transfer light energy
• Factors effecting photosynthesis

  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Water availability
  • Carbon dioxide
• Energy Conversion

  • Sunlight = energy
  • Energy creates a proton gradient
  • Proton gradient then fuels ATP and NADPH synthesis
  • ATP and NADPH
  • Energy source for plant metabolism
• NADPH is a product of the first level of photosynthesis.
• Photorespiration

  • Metabolic process
  • Decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis by diverting energy and resources away from glucose production
  • Hinders plant growth
• Importance of photosynthesis

  • Foundation of the food chain
  • Plants produce organic molecules  herbivores  carnivores
  • Helps regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
  • Contributes to the oxygen we breathe
• Stages of Photosynthesis:

  1. Thylakoid
  2. Stroma
  3. Chloroplast

  
• Cellular Respiration

  • Glucose + Oxygen
  • Carbon dixode + water + ATP
  • C6H1206 + 602 -> 6C02 + 6H20 + ATP /
  • Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water + ATP
  • Produces cellular energy

  Photosynthesis

  • Carbon dioxide + water
  • Glucose + oxygen
  • 6C02 + 6H20 -> C6H120 + 602 /
  • Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
  • Produce Sugars

  
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level