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Microbiology- Week 5-8
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Samuel Smith
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Cards (314)
What is the significance of cell size and surface-to-volume ratio?
Faster
nutrient uptake
and more mutations
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How are archaeal membranes different from bacterial membranes?
Archaeal membranes are more
permeable
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What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
(
murein
)
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What percentage of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria is peptidoglycan?
Up to
90%
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What drives peptidoglycan polymerization in Gram-negative bacteria?
PBP3
and
PBP2
proteins
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What unique structure do porins consist of?
Beta sheets
forming
beta barrels
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What is the role of porins in the outer membrane?
Allow molecules to cross to the
periplasm
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What is the large polysaccharide component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide
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How can bacteria be counted?
By
microscopy
and
culture
methods
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What is the formula for resolution in light microscopy?
R = 0.5λ/
numerical aperture
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What is the diffraction limit of a light microscope?
250
nm
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What does the Gram stain exploit?
Differences in
bacterial
structure
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What are the main cell surface structures in bacteria?
Capsules
Fimbriae
and
pili
Flagella
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What role do capsules play in bacteria?
Pathogenesis
and
biofilm
formation
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What are biofilms and where do they form?
Predominant
bacterial
phenotype in nature
Form on solid
substrates
with moisture
Form on soft tissue surfaces in organisms
Form at liquid-air interfaces
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What are fimbriae and pili made of?
Proteinaceous structures that can be
glycosylated
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What is the function of fimbriae and pili in bacteria?
Pathogenesis
,
biofilms
, and
conjugation
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What is the structure of flagella in bacteria?
Multimeric
protein complex traversing
membranes
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How do flagella enable bacteria to move?
By swimming in
liquid
environments
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What percentage of the E. coli genome encodes motility-related proteins?
Nearly 5%
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What is the dormant stage of a bacterial lifecycle called?
Endospores
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What chapters in Brock cover specific stains?
Parts of chapters
3
,
4
, and
5
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What is the focus of Lecture 5 in BIO1337?
Antibiotics
and
Resistance
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What are the intended learning outcomes (ILOs) of the lecture?
Knowledge of different types of
antibiotics
Understanding modes of action of antibiotics
Awareness of
resistance mechanisms
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What effect do antimicrobial agents have on bacterial growth?
They
inhibit
or kill bacteria
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How is antibacterial activity measured?
By assessing the effectiveness of
antimicrobial
agents
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What are cellular structures/processes in relation to antibiotics?
They serve as
targets
for antibiotic action
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What are naturally occurring antimicrobials?
Antibiotics
produced by microorganisms
Serve as "warfare" molecules
Examples include
aminoglycosides
and macrolides
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What are aminoglycosides?
Antibiotics containing
amino sugars
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Why are aminoglycosides considered reserve antibiotics?
Due to
neurotoxicity
and
nephrotoxicity
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What do macrolides contain?
Lactone rings
bonded to
sugars
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What is the target of macrolides?
The
50S
subunit of
ribosome
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What do tetracyclines contain?
Four
rings
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What is the medical use of tetracyclines?
Broad-spectrum inhibition of
protein synthesis
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What are β-Lactam antibiotics?
Important group of antibiotics
Includes
penicillins
,
cephalosporins
,
cephamycins
Over half of all antibiotics used
worldwide
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Who discovered penicillins?
Alexander Fleming
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What are penicillins primarily effective against?
Gram-positive
bacteria
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How do penicillins work?
By targeting
cell wall synthesis
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What do penicillins bind to?
Penicillin Binding Proteins
(
PBPs
)
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What is the effect of penicillin binding to PBPs?
Weakening of the
peptidoglycan
layer
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See all 314 cards
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