Inflammation

• Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites they are needed
• Cell Derived:

  1. Histamine

  2. Prostaglandines

  3. Reactive O2 species and NO

  4. Cytokines TNF, Interleukin
• TRANSUDATES

   Due to imbalance in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
• Exudates - due to increase permeability
• Vasodilatation -earliest manifestation
• Important leukocytes for eliminating agents that are capable of phagocytosis:

  • Neutrophil and Macrophages
• Most important mediators are vasoactive amines, lipid products, cytokines , complement products
• VASOACTIVE AMINES

  Histamine - mast cells, basophils and platelets

  causes dilation of arterioles and

  increases the permeability of venules

  2. Serotonin - platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells

  • released during the platelet release reaction
• ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) METABOLITES

  1. Prostaglandins - produced by mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells by the actions of two cyclooxygenases (COX- 1 and COX-2)
• ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) METABOLITES

  3. Lipoxins - also generated by the lipoxygenase pathway

  • inhibitors of inflammation (neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium)
• ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) METABOLITES

  2. Leukotrienes – produced by lipoxygenase enzymes
• COAGULATION AND KININ SYSTEMS

  Activated by hageman factor (factor XII)

  Culminates in the activation of thrombin and the formation of fibrin
• Fibrinous inflammation

  Develops when leaks are largeIf

  Developes if there is a local procoagulant stimulus eg. Ca cells
• Suppurative or Purulent inflammation

  • Production of pus. Bacterial infection causing liquefactive necrosis
• Ulcer

  • Local defect or excavation of surface of organ or tissue

  • Produced by the sloughing or shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue
• Chronic Inflammation is response of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which inflammation, tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist, in varying combinations
• Dominant cells in Chronic Inflammation - macrophage
• MAST CELLS

  • Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Binds Fc Portion of IgE Ab
  • Allergic Reactions
• EOSINOPHILS

  • IgE Mediate
  • Parasitic Infection
  • Contibutes in Allergic Reactions
• NEUTROPHILS

  • Acute on Chronic
  • Seen in Chronic Osteomyelitis
  • Chronic damage in Lungs of smokers