Aliphatic Toolkit

• Haloalkane-> amine

  • nucleophilic substitution
  • concentrated ammonia
  • heat in sealed tube
• Primary alcohol-> haloalkane

  • nucleophilic substitution
  • aqueous sodium bromide
  • concentrated sulfuric acid
• primary alcohol-> alkene

  • elimination (dehydration)
  • hot Al2O3
  • or concentrated sulfuric acid and reflux
• alkene-> alkane

  • electrophilic addition
  • H2(g)
  • nickel catalyst
  • 150oC
  • 5 atm
• alkane-> haloalkane

  • radical substitution
  • bromine(g)
  • uv light
• primary alcohol-> aldehyde

  • oxidation
  • chromate ions Cr2O7 2-(limited)
  • H+(aq)
  • distillation
  • colour change orange->green
• primary alcohol-> ester

  • esterification
  • carboxylic acid
  • concentrated sulfuric acid
  • reflux
  • OR warm acid anhydride
• primary alcohol/ aldehyde-> carboxylic acid

  • oxidation
  • chromate ions Cr2O7 2-(excess)
  • H+(aq)
  • reflux
  • colour change orange-> green
• alkene-> haloalkane

  • electrophilic addition
  • hydrogen bromide (aq)
  • room temperature
• alkene-> primary alcohol

  • electrophilic addition
  • concentrated sulfuric acid
  • water
• haloalkane-> primary alcohol

  • nucleophilic substitution
  • sodium hydroxide(aq)
  • reflux
• Phenol test: neutral iron(III) chloride, solution turns red if present