Chapter 11

• What was the outcome of the First Civil War in 1646 for Charles I?

  He was defeated militarily but could negotiate.
• Why did Charles I refuse to consider Parliament's settlements seriously?

  He wanted to exploit divisions among his opponents.
• What were the two parliamentary factions by the end of the First Civil War?

  Political Presbyterians and Political Independents.
• Who were the key figures of the Political Presbyterians?

  Denzil Holles and Philip Stapleton.
• Who were the key figures of the Political Independents?

  Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton.
• What was the general nature of the Political Presbyterians?

  More moderate and conservative in nature.
• What did the Political Independents favor regarding religious toleration?

  They wanted a considerable measure of religious toleration.
• What was the Newcastle Propositions presented to Charles in July 1646?

  A plan for settlement by the Political Presbyterians.
• What was one of the main features of the Newcastle Propositions regarding religion?

  Charles was to accept Presbyterianism for three years.
• How long was Parliament to control the militia according to the Newcastle Propositions?

  For 20 years.
• What did the Triennial Act guarantee according to the Newcastle Propositions?

  Regular parliaments to limit the monarch's power.
• What was Charles' response to the Newcastle Propositions?

  He stalled and did not agree directly.
• What was the impact of the Political Presbyterians' strategy on the New Model Army?

  It inadvertently brought a new radical force into politics.
• Who commanded the New Model Army?

  Thomas Fairfax.
• What was the financial problem faced by Parliament regarding the New Model Army?

  They owed the army £3 million.
• What was the date when the New Model Army first petitioned Parliament for redress?

  March 1647.
• What did the army's Solemn Engagement declare on 5 June 1647?

  They would not disband until grievances were met.
• What was the significance of the New Model Army's physical control of Charles I?

  It made them a significant force in politics.
• What was the Humble Remonstrance produced by the army on 4 June 1647?

  A declaration of their grievances.
• Who was the chief spokesman for the army during negotiations with Charles?

  Henry Ireton.
• What document did the army present impeachment charges against 11 MPs in July 1647?

  The Solemn Engagement.
• What was the army's view of Denzil Holles during this period?

  They saw him as leading Parliament against them.
• What did the army declare regarding disbanding?

  They would not disband until grievances met
• What were the grievances of the army?

  Indemnity and removal of Holles' faction
• What action did the army take to pressure Parliament?

  They began a slow march towards London
• When did the army present their position to Parliament?

  5 June 1647
• Who mainly wrote the Solemn Engagement?

  Henry Ireton
• Where was the army headquarters located on 7 June 1647?

  Cambridge
• What was the significance of the meeting at Childerley?

  It began formal negotiations with Charles
• Who was the army's chief spokesman during negotiations?

  Ireton
• What document reinforced the Solemn Engagement?

  A Representation of the Army
• What did the army declare about the New Model Army?

  It was not a mere mercenary army
• What were the fundamentals of the army's political position outlined in the Representation of the Army?

  • A purge of Parliament
  • Future parliaments of fixed duration
  • Guaranteed right of freedom to petition Parliament
  • Extension of religious freedom
• Why did the army's political statements carry weight?

  They had military control of the king
• When did the army's General Council meet at Reading?

  16 July 1647
• What did Ireton present at the General Council meeting?

  His Heads of the Proposals
• What was the reaction of the adjutators to Ireton's plans?

  They were impatient with the slow progress
• What were the main points of the Heads of the Proposals?

  Regular biennial parliaments and parliamentary control
• What were the key features of the Heads of the Proposals?

  • Regular biennial parliaments
  • Reform of parliamentary representation
  • Parliamentary control of the army and navy
  • Appointment of great offices of state for ten years
  • Religious settlement maintaining the national Church
  • Act of Oblivion exempting few Royalists from punishment
• What did the limits on Parliament reflect?

  The army's experiences over the past two years