Labelling

• What is labelling in the context of education?

  Process where teachers attach meanings to students
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

  A prediction that influences an individual's behavior
• What does the halo effect refer to?

  Initial impressions influence future judgments
• Who proposed the labelling theory in 1971?

  Becker
• How did Rist (1970) categorize students?

  Based on appearance and social class
• What did Keadie (1971) find about teachers and streaming?

  Teachers restricted working-class students' access
• What are internal factors affecting achievement?

  Labeling and teacher expectations
• What did Lacy (1970) discover about high and low achieving students?

  • High achieving students formed pro-school subcultures
  • Low achieving students developed anti-school subcultures
• What did Willis (1977) study about working-class students?

  They rejected school values and formed anti-school subcultures
• What did Rosenthal & Jacobsen (1968) use to study teacher expectations?

  A fake IQ test
• What was the outcome of Rosenthal & Jacobsen's study?

  Teachers expected certain students to excel
• What did Ball (1981) find about banding in schools?

  Lower band students had lower achievement
• What did Hargreaves et al (1975) study about student categorization?

  Students categorized into ideal and non-ideal based on behavior
• What did Cicourel & Kitsuse (1963) find about cross-class students?

  They were judged more positively by teachers
• How do teacher expectations impact student achievement?

  • Teacher expectations can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
  • High expectations can boost student performance
  • Low expectations can hinder student success
• What criticism did the study by latex1984 highlight about determinism?

  It suggested determinism restricts student success
• What external factors are often ignored in educational theories?

  Background, material deprivation, cultural capital
• What do Marxist theorists argue about structural inequalities?

  They emphasize the impact on educational outcomes
• What approach did Gillborn & Youctell (2001) identify schools using?

  Educational triage
• How are students categorized in the educational triage approach?

  Into three groups based on performance
• What are the three groups identified in the educational triage?

  1. A*-C achievers, 2) C/D borderline, 3) unlikely to pass
• What economic response developed within schools due to marketisation?

  A 100% economy
• What was the impact of league tables on schools?

  They prompted a competitive educational economy
• What did Smyth et al (2006) find about students in lower-stream classes?

  They develop anti-school subcultures
• What harmful effects does streaming have according to Smyth et al (2006)?

  It harms learner identities
• Who conducted a study on differentiation and polarisation in schools?

  Lacey (1970)
• What two processes did Lacey identify in his study?

  Differentiation and polarisation
• How do teachers categorize students according to Lacey's study?

  Into two streams based on judgment
• What are the two outcomes of differentiation according to Lacey?

  High achievers and low achievers