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4.genetic information,variation,relationships
polypeptide synthesis
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proteins are created on ribosomes in two man stages called?
transcription
and
translation
transcription is where the
gene
on the
dna
is copied onto
mrna
translation
is where the
mrna
joins with a
ribosome
and corresponding
trna
molecules bring the specific
amino acids
the
codon
codes for
transcription
happens inside the
nucleus
a
complimentary mrna copy
of
one gene
on the
dna
is created in the
nucleus
mrna
is much
shorter
than
dna
so it is able to carry the
genetic code
to the
ribosome
in the
cytoplasm
to enable
protiens
to be made
dna is too
big
to leave the
nucleus pores
and
enzymes
in the cytoplasm will damage the dna
process of transcription
the DNA
HELIX UNWINDS
to expose bases to act as a
template
only ONE CHAIN OF DNA ACTS AS A
TEMPLATE
like dna replication, the unwinding is
catalysed
by DNA
HELICASE
dna
helicase BREAKS HYDROGEN BONDS
between bases
free floating
MRNA NUCLEOTIDES
in the nucleus align oppposite exposed
complimentary
dna bases
the enzyme RNA
POLYMERASE
bonds together the
rna nucleotides
to
copy
an entire
gene
once completed, mrna is
modified
and leaves the
nucleus
through the
pores
pre-mrna and mrna
following transcription, pre-
mrna
has to be
modified
to become mrna that is ready to
leave
the
nucleus
and take part in
translation
the
introns
are
SPLICED
out by a
protein
called
SPLICESOME.
this leaves behind just the
exons coding region
introns are a
sequence
of
dna
that do not
code
for
amino acids
during translation, describe how an Amino acid is added to a polypeptide:
tRNA
molecules binds to a
specific amino acids
the
anticodon
binds to the codon
the amino acid is joined with a
peptide bond
describe how mRNA is produced (3 marker)
free nucleotides
form
complimentary
based pairs
phosphodiester
bonds form
by
RNA polymerase
how is mRNA formed (5 marker)
hydrogen bonds
break
one DNA strand is used as a
template
free nucleotides
align by
complimentary
based
pairings
usrasil is used in place of
thymine
rna polymerase
joints
nucleotides
by
phosphodiester
bonds
pre-mrna is
spliced
how is a peptide formed during translations
tRNA
molecules bring specific
amino acids
the
anti-codon
is complimentary to the
codons
a
peptide
bond is produced using
ATP
tRNA
Is released
ribosome
moves along the
mRNA
to form the
polypeptide