Emergence if globalisation of sport in 21st century

• Popular recreation

  The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
• Characteristics of popular recreation

  limited transport and communications

  widespread illiteracy

  harsh society

  long working hours

  fuedal system
• The sports of popular recreation

  Mob football- localised, male-dominated, played by the working class, uncodified, uncontrolled

  Real tennis- exclusive to upper class, codified, high moral code, purpose built facilities

  Foot racing- A form of competitive running/ walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance, wagering of upper class
• Wenlock Olympic Games


  Started in 1850 where Wenlock set up Olympian class to promote moral and physical values

  First games in October 1850 with mixture of athletics and country sports

  1890- Baron Pierre de Coubertin visited and was inspired and formed the modern Olympic society
• Rational recreation


  Sports and pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well organised and controlled
• Characteristics of rational recreation

  Respectability

  Regularly played

  Codified

  Purpose built facilities

  Officials

  Skills based
• Urbanisation


  A large number of people migrating from rural to towns and cities
• Effects of urbanisation (pos+neg)

  first half- overcrowding, lack of leisure time, lack of income, poor health and hygiene, loss of rights, lack of public provisions

  second half- health and hygiene improved, public baths, inc wages and leisure time, devl middle class, ex public school boys, improved transport and communications
• Transport revolution


  development of steam trains allowing an improved access to the country
• Impacts of transport revolution

  Movement of spectators and teams

  Improved access to the country

  Cheaper train travel

  Improved access to the countryside
• Improved communications


  Increased awareness and knowledge of sport

  Emergence of sporting heroes

  Spread news of matches easily

  Role models arise
• Impact of the Church

  Changing views to promote sport

  Church facilities provided facilities

  Clergy approved of sport

  YMCA, Boys Brigade, Scouts
• Impact of the middle class

  Codification- same game played everywhere

  Formed competitions- leagues, cups, factory teams

  Public provisions- better hygiene meant they had more energy

  Increased leisure time- time to watch and play

  Move to professionalism- early commercialisation
• British Empire


  Teachers- development of teams and taught sporting values in the empire

  Factory Owners- set up teams and gave people time off to play nationally and internationally

  Clergy- made teams and took sport abroad as they believed it promoted good Christian values

  Army- played in free-time to spread sport

  Diplomat- travelled the world and took sport with them

  NGBs- codified and established leagues and competitions which spread internationally
• Amateurs (industrial)


  A person who plays sport for the love of it and not for financial gain

  - amateur code: stresses participation in sport purely for the sake of it
• Professional (industial)


  A person who plays sport for financial gain

  - professional code: emphasis on winning
• Values of amateurism


  Manliness, robustness, striving and physical endeavour

  Appreciating the value of health and fitness

  Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity

  High moral integrity
• Values of professionalism


  Upper class

  High status in society

  Wealth and time

  Natural talent

  High morality and character building
• Amateurs (modern-day)


  Does is still evident through sportsmanship and fair-play

  Amateurism is still viewed positively and is promoted such as shaking hands

  Lower status

  No class distinctions

  Based on personal performance and merit
• Professionals (modern-day)


  Based on talent

  High rewards through media and sponsorship

  More time to train

  Celebrity stats and wealth

  Positive role models
• Characteristics of commercialisation


  Professional sport

  Sponsorship and business

  Entertainment

  Contracts

  Athletes as commodities

  Wide media coverage
• Effects of commercialisation on Sport


  ✓: breaks in play to advertise

  ✓: competition formats change

  ✓: technology inc experience

  ✖: women receive less coverage

  ✖: can slow down action
• Effects of commercialisation on Performers

  ✓: high income

  ✓:full time training

  ✓:paid for successful result

  ✓: can become household names

  ✖: controlled by sponsor

  ✖: under pressure to perform
• Golden Triangle


  Sport, media, business

  If the performer is doing well it will bring more media attention and people to the sport. Sponsors will be attracted to get their business shown, bringing more money to the sport to buy players and equipment to raise standards
• Development of tennis

  Late 19th century: lower classes excluded, walls and hedges installed

  Use specialist equipment as middle class could afford equipment

  Played by both genders as a social game
• Development of track and field

  Became popular from urbanisation

  Purpose built facilities created

  Athletics became very popular due to wagering among upper classes

  1866: AAC formed and excluded professionals

  1880: AAA opened it to everyone, still unacceptable for women
• Development of football

  FA formed 1863

  1848 Cambridge Uni produced widely accepted rules

  1927: BBC began live footage

  maximum wage was prevalent until 1961

  1995: Bosman ruling
• Women in football

  Equal opportunities- more sports available and became socially acceptable

  Increased media coverage

  Female role models

  More provisions from school programmes and national curriculum

  More free time