6.2.2.2 Physiological Changes

• What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system shown in the image?

  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
• What is the type of autonomic nervous system shown in the image?

  Involuntary
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Axon" in the image?

  Axon
• How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate compared to the parasympathetic system?

  Sympathetic accelerates, parasympathetic slows
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "α" in the image?


  α
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Ca" in the image?

  Ca
• What is the name of the nervous system shown in the image?

  Autonomic nervous system
• What are the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the body?

  Parasympathetic:

  • Constricts pupil
  • Stimulates saliva and tear production
  • Constricts bronchi
  • Slows heart
  • Stimulates stomach, pancreas and intestines
  • Stimulates urination
  • Promotes erection of genitals

  
  

  Sympathetic:

  • Dilates pupil
  • Inhibits saliva production
  • Dilates bronch
  • Accelerates heart
  • Stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release
  • Stimulates glucose release
  • Inhibits stomach, pancreas and intestines
  • Inhibits urination
  • Promotes ejaculation and vagina contractions
• How do the pupil sizes differ between the two images?

  • Left image: Pupil is constricted (smaller)
  • Right image: Pupil is dilated (larger)
• What is the likely reason for the difference in pupil size between the two images?

  The pupil dilates in low light conditions and constricts in bright light conditions
• What triggers the release of noradrenaline at synapses?

  Electrical signal
• What happens to your respiration rate in fight or flight mode?

  It increases
• What are the steps involved in noradrenaline release at synapses?

  1. Electrical signal triggers calcium influx
  2. Synaptic vesicles containing NE move to cell membrane
  3. NE is released into synaptic gap
  4. Some NE binds to postsynaptic receptors, some to autoreceptors (α2) for negative feedback
• What is the significance of pupil dilation during potential danger?

  It enhances vision for survival
• What are the two types of direct pupillary light response shown in the image?

  • Constricted (pupil gets smaller)
  • Dilated (pupil gets larger)
• What are the physiological changes triggered by the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Heart rate accelerates
  • Pupils dilate
  • Digestion inhibits
  • Airways dilate
• What is the function of the pupil in the autonomic nervous system?

  Constricts in parasympathetic, dilates in sympathetic
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "DBH" in the image?

  DBH
• What is the effect of noradrenaline on blood pressure?

  It raises blood pressure
• How does late exercise affect ATP production and muscle contraction?

  It enhances ATP production and muscle contraction
• What energy source do muscles need during the fight or flight response?

  ATP
• What is the purpose of increased heart rate and blood pressure during fight or flight?

  To allow swift reactions
• How does the sympathetic nervous system work in relation to the parasympathetic system?

  It works in opposition
• What role does calcium play in noradrenaline release?

  Calcium influx triggers the release process
• Why does respiration rate increase during fight or flight mode?

  To provide more oxygen for muscles
• What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

  Triggers physiological changes for action
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "β" in the image?


  β
• What is the name of the opening in the center of the eye that allows light to enter?

  Pupil
• What system causes pupils to dilate during fight or flight?

  Sympathetic nervous system
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "NE" in the image?

  NE
• What enzyme converts dopamine to noradrenaline within vesicles?

  DBH enzyme
• How do the components in this image relate to the synthesis of neurotransmitters?

  • TH catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA
  • DD converts L-DOPA to dopamine
  • DBH converts dopamine to norepinephrine
  • Ca and α/β receptors are involved in regulating the process
• If a person is in a stressful situation, which division of the autonomic nervous system would be more active?

  Sympathetic
• What is the name of the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil?

  Iris
• What physiological response occurs when the brain prepares for survival?

  Pupils dilate
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "DD" in the image?

  DD
• What physiological changes occur during the fight or flight response?

  • Heart rate increases
  • Blood pressure rises
  • Adrenaline boosts heart pumping rate
  • Noradrenaline constricts blood vessels
  • Muscles receive more oxygen and nutrients
• What is the role of the sympathetic system during the fight or flight response?

  It boosts energy availability for quick reactions
• What is released at synapses when the sympathetic nervous system activates?

  Noradrenaline (NE)
• What are the key components shown in this image?

  • Axon
  • TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase)
  • DD (Dopamine Decarboxylase)
  • DBH (Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase)
  • NE (Norepinephrine)
  • Ca (Calcium)
  • α (Alpha)
  • β (Beta)