NMAT Summary 01

• Circulatory System: delivers oxygen (O2), nutrients, and hormones to the cells of the body and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Two Kinds of Pump of the Heart: Right Heart that pumps blood through the lungs (Pulmonary Circulation) and Left Heart that pumps blood through the systemic circulation that provides blood flow to the other organs and tissues of the body (Systemic Circulation).
• Π = M (molarity) x R (gas constant) x T (temperature).
• ∆ Tf = kf (molal elevation constant) x m (molality) ∆ Tf = T˚f (boiling point of the pure solvent) - Tf (boiling point of the pure solvent).
• ∆ Tb ∝ m; ∆ Tb = kb (molal elevation constant) x m (molality).
• Tb is the boiling point of the pure solvent.
• Atrium and Ventricles: The Heart consists of 2 Atriums and 2 Ventricles.
• Cardiac Rhythmicity: contains succession of heart contraction.
• Syncytium: interconnecting nature of cardiac muscle which allows coordinate contraction of the ventricles.
• Atrial Syncytium are separated from the ventricles through the atrioventricular or the AV valvular openings between the Atria and Ventricles.
• Atrioventricular or AV valves: consists of tricuspid valve and mitral valve.
• Semilunar Valves: consists of aortic valve and the pulmonary artery valve.
• SA Node (Sinoatrial node): it generates the cardiac impulse and acts as pacemaker.
• AV Node (Atrioventricular node): it relays and intensifies the cardiac impulse and functions as pacesetter.
• Capillaries are most abundant in tissues and organs that are Metabolically Active (muscle tissue and the kidneys).
• Veins: bring deoxygenated blood back or toward the heart.
• Arteries: bring oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Pulmonary Veins: it carries blood with highest concentration of oxygen.
• Renal Veins: veins that drain the kidney, connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava.
• Pulmonary Artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
• Coronary Arteries: supply oxygenated blood the heart muscle.
• Hepatic Portal Vein: blood vessels that conduct blood from gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
• Animal and Plant Cell: Animal Cell has a Cell Wall and a Plasma Membrane, Plant Cell has a Cell Wall, Plastids, and a Central Vacuole.
• Intermediate Filaments: provide structural support.
• Microvilli: found in the epithelial cells that line the intestines and other areas where absorption is important, helps to increase cell’s surface area.
• Chromosomes: part of the nucleus which is distinct during reproduction.
• Centrioles: involved during cell division in animal cell, function in production of flagella and cilia but not microtubule.
• Centrosome: involved in cell division.
• Catabolic: it is destructive which large molecules are broken down into small ones, energy is released.
• Anabolic: it is constructive which small molecules are assembled into large ones, energy is required.
• Cellular Filaments: a network of filaments that determine the structure, transport, and motility of the cell.
• Microtubules: larger than microfilaments, rigid hollow tubes made from tubulins, involved in flagella and cilia construction and spindle apparatus.
• Flagella: the tail of sperm so it can move, a locomotion organelle.
• Cilia: found only in fallopian tubes and respiratory tract of humans, a locomotion organelle.
• Traffic of Molecules Across: Passing through the synthetic lipid bilayer, Small Hydrophobic Molecules, Small Uncharged Polar Molecules, Larger Uncharged Polar Molecules, and Ions.
• Cellular Respiration: a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take places in the cells of organism to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and release waste product.
• Microfilaments: squeeze membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis, the contractile force in microvilli and muscle.
• Plasma Membrane Parts: Fluid Mosaic Model theory on how the cell membrane are constructed, Plasma Membrane 3 Components: Lipid Bilayer, Cholesterol, and Proteins.
• Chloroplast: a component of a cell that are present in plants and use for photosynthesis.
• Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophilic Head and Hydrophobic Tail.