Correlating Risk Factors

• What should you be able to describe by the end of the video?

  Risk factors linked to non-communicable diseases
• What is the focus of the video?

  Determining risk factors for non-communicable diseases
• Why couldn't scientists experiment on humans to find lung cancer causes?

  It would be unethical to do so
• What is the study of disease patterns to determine risk factors called?

  Epidemiology
• How is lung cancer linked to cigarette smoking?

  It is more common among smokers
• What method did scientists use to determine the correlation between smoking and lung cancer?

  They plotted a scatter graph
• What does a positive correlation indicate in the context of smoking and lung cancer?

  As smoking increases, lung cancer risk increases
• Does correlation prove causation according to the video?

  No, correlation does not prove cause
• What did scientists discover about cigarette smoke and cancer?

  Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens that damage DNA
• What term describes the scientific explanation of how smoking causes cancer?

  Causal mechanism
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung cancer now accepted as?

  Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
• What is a potential problem with sampling in epidemiology?

  Samples may not represent the entire population
• Why is it important to take a large and random sample?

  To avoid bias in the results
• What can happen if a sample is biased?

  Results cannot be generalized to the population
• What are the key points to avoid bias in sampling?

  • Take a large sample size
  • Ensure the sample is random
  • Avoid drawing conclusions from small samples
• What should you be able to describe regarding correlation and sampling?

  How sampling can determine correlation
• What does the video suggest about the link between risk factors and diseases?

  Risk factors can be linked to diseases through study
• What is the final concept you should be able to describe from the video?

  What is meant by a causal mechanism