Difficulty establishing cause and effect

• What is the main issue with research on personality and addiction?

  • most studies are correlational, meaning we can’t determine cause and effect
• How did Dong et Al (2013) provide stronger evidence?

  • longitudinal study on Chinese university students

  • took the EPQ at university entry -> assessed internet addiction 2 years later

  • found high N and P scores predicted later addiction, suggesting personality causes addiction rather than results from it