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Diabetes
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Created by
Eabha Hughes
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Cards (39)
What is diabetes?
A condition with high
blood sugar levels
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How are blood glucose levels controlled?
By
insulin
produced in the
pancreas
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What happens if the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin?
Blood glucose levels rise, leading to
diabetes
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What are the types of diabetes?
Normal
Type
1
diabetes
Type
2
diabetes
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What is the role of insulin in normal conditions?
It allows
glucose
to enter
body cells
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What are the steps in Type 1 diabetes?
Stomach changes food into
glucose
Glucose enters the
bloodstream
Pancreas
makes little or no
insulin
Little or no insulin enters bloodstream
Glucose builds up in bloodstream
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What are the steps in Type 2 diabetes?
Stomach converts food to
glucose
Glucose enters the
bloodstream
Pancreas produces
insulin
but it's ineffective
Glucose unable to enter
body
effectively
Glucose
levels
increase
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How is insulin described in terms of lock and key?
Insulin is the key to unlock cells for
glucose
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What happens in Type 1 diabetes regarding insulin?
There is no key to unlock cells for
glucose
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What happens in Type 2 diabetes regarding insulin?
The key is unable to open the door for
glucose
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What is the definition of Type 2 diabetes?
A long-term
metabolic disorder
with high
blood sugar
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What causes Type 2 diabetes?
A complex interplay of
genetic
and environmental factors
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What percentage of diabetes cases are Type 2?
About
90%
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What are common symptoms of high blood glucose levels?
Increased thirst
and frequent
urination
Increased hunger
Weight loss despite eating more
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores or infections
Areas of darkened skin (
acanthosis nigricans
)
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What is hypoglycemia?
Low
blood glucose
levels
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Who is most likely to experience hypoglycemia?
People using
insulin
for
diabetes
management
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What are risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
Age (over
40
for whites, over
25
for others)
Family history
of diabetes
High
blood pressure
Overweight, especially around the middle
Ethnicity (higher risk in
South Asian
and
African-Caribbean
descent)
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What waist measurement indicates higher risk in women?
More than
80cm
/
31.5
inches
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What waist measurement indicates higher risk in men?
More than
94cm
/
37 inches
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What waist measurement indicates higher risk in South Asian men?
More than
90cm
/
35 inches
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How does obesity affect insulin resistance?
More fatty tissue increases insulin resistance
Not all
overweight
individuals
develop Type 2
diabetes
Fat stored in the
abdomen
increases risk more than other areas
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How does diet influence Type 2 diabetes risk?
Sugar does not cause
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes risk increases with
overweight
High-calorie sugary foods contribute to
weight gain
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How does fat intake affect diabetes risk?
Too much fat can lead to
weight gain
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What is the role of soluble fiber in diabetes management?
It helps reduce
blood glucose
levels
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What dietary advice is recommended for individuals with Type 2 diabetes?
Eat regular meals based on
starchy carbohydrates
Increase fruit and vegetable intake
Choose
high-fiber
,
whole grain
foods
Reduce saturated fat intake
Moderate protein intake
Limit sugar and alcohol consumption
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What is the
glycemic
index
(
GI
)?
A scale indicating how foods affect blood glucose
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What is the effect of high GI foods on blood glucose levels?
They raise blood glucose levels
quickly
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What is the effect of low GI foods on blood glucose levels?
They
raise
blood
glucose
levels
gradually
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What factors affect the glycemic index of foods?
Cooking methods (frying, boiling, baking)
Processing and ripeness of fruits/vegetables
Wholegrain and
high-fiber
foods slow absorption
Fat
and
protein
lower the
GI
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What are the effects of eating high GI foods?
Quick
energy
followed by an energy lull
Increases
hunger
leading to overeating
Fluctuates blood glucose levels
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What is considered a low GI food?
55
or less
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What is considered a medium GI food?
56
to
59
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What is considered a high GI food?
70
and above
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What is the role of NSP in diabetes management?
Prolongs
glucose
rise in blood
Increases satiety and aids weight maintenance
Lowers risk of developing
non-insulin dependent diabetes
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What is the role of NMEs in diabetes management?
Rapid digestion leads to quick
glucose
rise
Restriction of sugar intake is important
Linked with
overweight
and diabetes risk
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What is the role of starchy foods in diabetes management?
Lower
energy density
and higher satiety
Recommended increase in consumption
Slow-acting
starches
reduce blood glucose fluctuations
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What is the effect of complex carbohydrates on diabetes?
Improve
glycemic control
Increase
insulin sensitivity
Reduce fat
proportion
in diet
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What dietary recommendations help manage diabetes?
Regular meals with
starchy carbohydrates
High
fiber
, whole grain foods
Reduce
saturated fats
and
sugar
intake
Moderate
protein
and
alcohol
consumption
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What is the importance of managing salt intake in diabetics?
Reduces
hypertension
risk
Important for
overall health management
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