cultural variations in attachment

• meta analysis

  combining results from multiple studies for insights
• cultural variations

  differences in attachment styles across cultures
• What types of attachment did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg include in their study?

  Secure, insecure avoidant, and resistant
• What was the purpose of looking at differences within the same countries in the study?

  To understand variations in culture
• How many studies of attachment were included in Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?

  • 32 studies of attachment
  • 8 countries involved
  • 15 studies conducted in the USA
• What was the total yield of children in the study?

  1990 children
• What method was used to analyze the data in the study?

  Meta-analysis
• What was the most common classification of attachment across all countries studied?

  Secure attachment
• What was the range of secure attachment rates in China and Britain?

  50% in China, 75% in Britain
• How did rates of insecure-resistant attachment in individualist cultures compare to Ainsworth's findings?

  Similar to Ainsworth, under 14%
• What was notable about the rates of insecure-resistant attachment in collectivist samples?

  Rates were above 25% in those samples
• What were the findings regarding cultural differences in insecure attachment distribution?

  • Cultural differences exist in insecure attachment
  • Variation within the same country is 150% more than between countries
• What percentage of securely attached children was found in the USA?

  46% securely attached
• What was the highest reported percentage of secure attachment in a sample from the USA?

  As high as 90%
• SIMONELLI STUDY

  • assessed 76 12month old babies using the strange situations to see if the proportion of attachment types still matched previous studies
  • mums were reasonably varied in terms of education levels, (57% uni degree, 40% high school, 2% didn't finish high school)

  Their professions (48% employees, 13% professionals, 39% didn't work/worked part time)

  • 50% was secure, 36% avoidant, lower rate of secure attachment than prev
  • researchers suggested it was due to incr of mums working and using childcare
  • cultural differences make massive differences in patterns of attachment
• LIMITATIONS OF KROONENBERG AND SIMONELLI

  • cofounding variables, studies conducted in other countries may not be matched for sample characteristics (age)

  Environmental variables may also differ so data may not be accurate

  • test was designed in one culture, eg: in America lack of affection shows insecure attachment, however in germany it shows a sign of independence.

  this means comparing results ay be meaningless
• STRENGTHS OF KROONENBERG AND SIMONELLI

  + Meta-analysis is when you end up with large samples
• sample size in kroonerbergy study

  1990 children analysed in Van IJzendoorn’s study
• individualist cultures kroonenburg

  cultures emphasising personal independence and self reliance
• collectivists cultures kroonenburg

  cultures prioritising group harmony over individualism
• findings in china krooneberg

  50% secure attachment rate observed in studies
• findings in Britain kroonerberg

  75% secure attachment rate reported in studies
• strange situation kroonenburg definition

  a procedure to assess attachment styles in children
• simiorelli (2014)

  study investigating attachment styles in italian children
• attachment classification definition, simorelli

  categories used to describe types of attachment
• emotional bond in simiorelli - definition

  a connection characterized by affection and trust
• attachment rates in simorelli - definition

  % of children classifies under each attachment
• cultural context in simorelli - definition

  the environment influencing attachment behaviours and styles
• sample diversity in simiorelli - definition

  variety of participants across different cultural backgrounds
• findings in japan

  attachment styles similar to those in collectivist cultures
• findings in israel

  attachment patterns reflecting unique cultural practices
• research implications

  insights gained from studies influencing attachment theory
• childcare practices

  parental behaviours impacting children’s attachment styles