Issues & Debates

• What is gender bias?


  It misrepresents experiences of men or women.
• How does gender bias threaten universality?

  It undermines findings applicable to all genders.
• What is the definition of universality?

  Characteristics applicable to all despite differences.
• What distinguishes gender from sex?

  Gender involves behavioral and cultural traits.
• What is beta bias in psychology?

  Ignoring differences between sexes in research.
• What is a consequence of beta bias?

  Misrepresentation of behavior due to assumptions.
• How did Asch's study exemplify beta bias?

  He generalized findings from men to women.
• What does andocentrism imply?

  Male behavior is considered the norm.
• What is alpha bias?


  Exaggerating differences between sexes in research.
• How does alpha bias affect perceptions of women?

  It often devalues females compared to males.
• How does the psychodynamic approach illustrate alpha bias?

  It suggests women are morally inferior to men.
• What is a consequence of focusing on gender differences?

  It ignores individual differences within genders.
• What is a potential implication of gender bias in research?

  It can lead to misleading assumptions about women.
• How can gender bias affect women's opportunities?

  It may justify denying women promotions.
• What criteria do Worrell and Remer suggest to avoid gender bias?

  Study women in meaningful real-life contexts.
• What is cultural bias in psychology?

  Ignoring cultural differences in research findings.
• What does ethnocentrism refer to?

  Judging other cultures by one's own standards.
• How did Mary Ainsworth's research exemplify ethnocentrism?

  It misinterpreted non-Western child-rearing practices.
• What are the limitations of ethnocentrism?

  It can lead to prejudice against other groups.
• What is cultural relativism?

  Understanding behavior within its cultural context.
• What is the diathesis-stress model?

  Behavior caused by vulnerability and triggers.
• How does epigenetics relate to behavior?

  It studies how environment affects gene expression.
• What is the nature-nurture debate?

  It assesses the influence of genetics and environment.
• Why is the distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultures becoming less relevant?

  Increased global interconnectedness and communication.
• What does Takano and Osaka's research suggest about cultural bias?

  It indicates cultural bias is less of an issue.
• How can cultural bias lead to discrimination?

  It justifies prejudice against certain groups.
• What is indigenous psychology?

  Theories based on specific cultural experiences.
• Why is Afrocentrism important in psychology?

  It recognizes African context in behavior theories.
• What is a positive implication of understanding cultural bias?

  It leads to more relevant psychological theories.
• What is the implication of cultural bias in psychological research?

  It can justify discrimination against certain groups.
• What is the main focus of the nature-nurture debate?

  The relative contributions of genetics and environment.
• How does the interactionist approach view behavior?

  As a result of both nature and nurture influences.
• How can the diathesis-stress model be applied to OCD?

  Genetic vulnerability triggered by environmental stressors.
• What does epigenetics study?

  How environmental factors affect gene expression.
• What does the development of indigenous psychology imply?

  It is a positive implication of cultural relativism.
• What does the nature-nurture debate assess?

  The relative contribution of genes and environment.
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest?

  Behavior is caused by vulnerability and triggers.
• What did Dias and Ressler's study on mice suggest?

  Heredity and environment interact to influence behavior.
• What is epigenetics?

  A change in genetic activity without code alteration.
• What does a concordance rate indicate?

  The similarity of traits between individuals.