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Module 5
Excretion
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What is excretion?
Removal of
metabolic
waste products
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Why is excretion important for homeostasis?
It prevents tissue damage from
waste accumulation
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What does the liver break down amino acids into?
Urea
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What are the main functions of the liver?
Breaks down
amino acids
into
urea
Detoxifies the
blood
Stores glycogen
Makes
bile
for
lipid digestion
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What is the process called that converts ammonia into urea?
Ornithine cycle
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What happens to organic acids after amino acids are deaminated?
They are
respired
or stored as
glycogen
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Why is ammonia converted into urea?
Ammonia is
toxic
and needs to be neutralized
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Where is urea released after being formed in the liver?
Into the
bloodstream
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What is the function of the hepatic artery?
Delivers
oxygenated
blood to the liver
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What does the hepatic portal vein connect?
The
liver
to the
intestines
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What are liver lobules made up of?
Cylindrical structures of
hepatocytes
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What role do Kupffer cells play in the liver?
They break down old
red blood cells
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What are the two main parts of the kidney?
Medulla
and
cortex
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What is the function of nephrons in the kidneys?
Filter blood and remove
waste products
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What substances do kidneys remove from the blood?
Excess water, ions, and
urea
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What are the two processes involved in removing substances from the bloodstream in the kidneys?
Ultrafiltration
Selective reabsorption
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What surrounds the glomerulus in the kidney?
Bowman's capsule
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Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus?
The
efferent arteriole
is smaller than the
afferent
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What is glomerular filtrate?
Substance formed from
small molecules
pushed out
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What layers do small molecules pass through to enter the Bowman’s capsule?
Capillary endothelium
,
basement membrane
,
epithelium
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What occurs during selective reabsorption in the nephron?
Useful substances are reabsorbed into
capillaries
Glucose is reabsorbed in the
PCT
Water is reabsorbed in the
loop of Henle
,
DCT
, and
collecting duct
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What structure in the nephron has microvilli for reabsorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
(
PCT
)
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How is water reabsorbed in the nephron?
By
osmosis
in various nephron parts
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What is the final product of the nephron after filtration?
Urine
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What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
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What is the role of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Permeable to
ions
, pumps
sodium ions
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What happens in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
Water moves out by
osmosis
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How do organisms in dry conditions adapt their kidneys?
They have an extra-long loop of
Henle
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What triggers the release of ADH?
Low water levels in blood
plasma
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What is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct?
Increases
permeability
to water
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What is kidney failure?
When
kidneys
stop filtering
toxic substances
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What can cause kidney failure?
Infection
or
high blood pressure
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What is measured to diagnose kidney failure?
Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR)
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What problems can arise from kidney failure?
Build-up of
waste products
Ion imbalance
Accumulation of fluids in tissues
Anaemia
Mortality
if untreated
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What is dialysis?
Connecting
blood supply
to a dialysis machine
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What happens to urea during dialysis?
It
diffuses
out of the blood into fluid
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What is a disadvantage of dialysis?
It requires multiple
hospital
visits
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What is a kidney transplant?
Replacing a
damaged
kidney with a new one
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What is a risk associated with kidney transplants?
Rejection
of the new kidney by the body
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What are the uses of urine testing?
Detecting drugs
Pregnancy tests for
hCG
Monitoring health conditions
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See all 77 cards
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