ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BATTERY EXAM PASSED

• Anatomy is derived from the Greek words tomy (to cut) and ana (apart), signifying the study of the structure and parts of the body and their relationships.
• Dissection is the process of cutting apart body structures to study their relationships.
• Dissection is nowadays performed along with imaging techniques such as X-ray, 3D Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, and Positron emission tomography (PET).
• Surface anatomy is the study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body through non-invasive procedures such as visualization, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
• Gross anatomy is the study of the structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
• Systemic/Systematic anatomy is the study of the specific systems of the body such as the Digestive System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System.
• Regional anatomy is the study of the specific region of the body such as the Body, Head, Neck, Trunk, Thoracic, Abdomen, Pelvic, Upper limbs/extremities, Lower limbs/extremities.
• Radiographic anatomy is the study of the structure of the body that includes the use of X-rays.
• Embryology is the study of the development from the fertilized egg through the 8th week in the utero.
• Developmental anatomy is the study of the development from the fertilized egg to the adult form.
• Histology is the microscopic study of the structure of the tissue.
• The NUCLEUS is the control center of the cell, where the metabolic processes, cell growth, and reproduction happen, and it contains large quantities of DNA (genes).
• EPIDEMIOLOGY is the science that deals with why, when & where diseases occur & how they are traumatized in a community.
• SYMPTOMS (SX) are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.
• Chromosomes are long molecules of DNA that are coiled together with several proteins and carry the total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism is its genome.
• The CYTOPLASM is the clear, fluid portion of the cytoplasm where organelles can be found, it is the functional area of a cell, and it is the site of many chemical reactions.
• The ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM is a network of tubules and vesicles that connects cell membrane, golgi complex & nuclear membrane, providing communication between the exterior and interior of the cell, and serving as a mini-circulatory system for the cell since it provides a network of channels for carrying substances from one part of the cell to another.
• PHARMACOLOGY is the science that deals with the effects & use of drugs in the treatment of disease.
• CELLS are the basic structural & functional unit of the body, adapted to perform one or few particular functions, and are the beginning of vitality or life.
• GENES determine the characteristics of the cells protein as well as the cellular enzymes that controls and promotes cellular production.
• SIGNS are objective changes that a clinician can observe & measure, which can be either anatomical (swelling or rash) or physiological (fever, high blood pressure).
• Cytology is the microscopic and chemical study of the structures of the cell.
• Responsiveness, also known as irritability, is a basic life process.
• The horizontal plane divides the body into upper and lower parts.
• Quadrants are commonly used by clinicians in describing the site of abdominopelvic pain, tumor or other abnormality.
• A section is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes.
• The thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm and includes the mediastinum, two pleural cavities, and the pericardial cavity.
• Regions are more widely used for anatomical studies.
• Midclavicular lines are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones) just medial to the nipples.
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body and its phases include catabolism and anabolism.
• One flat surface of the three-dimensional structure is a section.
• Subcostal line is a horizontal line drawn just inferior to the ribcage across the interior portion of the stomach.
• Trans Tubercular line is a horizontal line drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip bones.
• The pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and a portion of the large intestine.
• The dorsal body cavity is smaller than the ventral body cavity and its walls are lined by a thin slippery tissue called serous membrane.
• The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts.
• The vertical axis divides the body into front and back parts.
• The abdominopelvic cavity contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, gall bladder, and the peritoneum is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
• Pathologic anatomy is the study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
• Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and is found in the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.