Earthquakes and Volcanoes

• There are 4 layers in volcanoes, the outer core, the inner core, mantel, and crust.
• The outer core is composed of liquid iron and nickel
• The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel and is 5500 degree Celsius.
• The Mantel is made of metal rocks called Magma and its consistency is thick.
• The crust is the thinnest, coldest and is composed of solid rock.
• There are 2 types of crusts which are continental and oceanic crust.
• Tectonic Plates are made up of lots of large bits of solid rocks called plates.
• Volcanic Eruption Process:

  • The outer core heats up the mantel and the magma begins to rise.
  • As they move towards the crusts they cool down and spread.
  • As they spread they drag the base of the tectonic plates causing them to move.
  • the cooled mantle then sinks back down to the outer core and is heated up again, the process repeats.
• Plate boundary is where two tectonic plates meet.
• Convergent plate boundary - two plates move towards each other and the plates are forced together.
• Convergent Plate Boundary process:

  • Oceanic and continental plates collide.
  • As the plates collide, the oceanic crust is denser and is forced beneath. This is known as subduction.
  • When the plate sinks into the mantel and melts into magma.
  • The pressure of the magma build up beneath the earths surface
  • The magma escapes through weakness in the rock and rises up through volcanoes.
• Both continental crusts causes mountains to form.
• Both continental crust process:

  • Two continental plates collide
  • As they collide neither can sink as they have the same density.
  • The land buckles upwards
  • This creates fold mountains
• The Divergent plate boundary mostly causes volcanoes but the pressure as they pull apart can cause earthquakes.
• The divergent plate boundary process:

  • The two plates move apart from one another
  • when this happens the magma rises from the mantel to the surface
  • when the lava comes out of the volcano, it cools and solidifies creating new crust.
  • The pressure release when two plates pull apart can also create earthquakes.
• The conservative plate boundary can cause earthquakes.
• The conservative plate boundary process:

  • The plate slide past each other in opposite directions or in the same direction but at different speeds.
  • As the plates try to move, friction occurs and the plates become stuck.
  • Pressure builds up because the plates are still trying to move.
  • When the pressure is released , it sends out huge amounts of energy causing an earthquake.
• Label the Diagram:

  A) Conduit

  B) Magma Chamber

  C) Lava Flow

  D) Layers of Lava and Ash

  E) Vent

  F) Ash Cloud

  G) Crater

  H) Ash Fall

  I) Side Vent

  
• What are the hazards of volcanoes?

  Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, lahars, and volcanic gases.
• Why are pyroclastic flows dangerous?

  High temperatures and high speeds that travels 100km/h. Thus a human cannot escape.
• What are the characteristics of Composite volcanoes?

  • Convergent plate boundary
  • Tall
  • Steep side
  • Coned
  • They are made of layers of alternate lava and ash
• What are the characteristics of Shield Volcanoes?

  • Divergent plate boundary
  • Short
  • Sloping domes
  • wide base
  • Made of lava only
• What are the Characteristics of Andesitic Lava?

  • High silica content
  • Viscous consistency
  • Infrequent and violent
• What are the Characteristics of Basaltic Lava?

  • Low silica content
  • Non viscous
  • More Frequent but less violent
• Geothermal Energy, In Iceland a place called blue lagoon creates job opportunities for workers and provides money for them to support their families.
• Geothermal Energy is harnessed using steam underground, the steam drives turbines to produce energy for domestic and industrial use.
• Tourism, In Iceland the population density is low which is 3.64 per square km.
• Tourism in Iceland increases due to the opportunities created by volcanoes, this increases the number of job opportunities in the tourism industry which includes working in hotels, restaurants and gift shops, thus increasing the country's GDP for infrastructure improvement.
• Farming, The ash from volcanoes makes the soil fertile and forms nutrient-rich soil, enabling farmers to cultivate healthy crops and rich harvests.
• Mining, Miners are attracted to active volcanoes as they produce diamonds, silver, and gold, creating job opportunities as a source to import and export goods for a higher price.
• Monitoring of volcanic eruptions can be done using tiltmeters and satellites to detect changes in the surface shape of a volcano, which raises awareness and reduces risk of injury.
• Prediction of volcanic eruptions can be done by monitoring the movement of tectonic plates and changes in the surface of the volcano, which allows for the preparation of areas and determination of the likelihood of the volcano, providing time for evacuation plans to be initiated.
• Protection against volcanic eruptions can be done by blasting lava with sea water to redirect the lava flow and evacuation, which would direct the lava away from settlements and decrease the cost of rebuilding infrastructure if protected.
• Planning for volcanic eruptions can be done by implementing evacuation strategies, exclusion zones and educating people, which reduces the risk of injuries and death.
• Describe the location of Eyjafjallajökull?

  Is located in south of Iceland in continent of Europe and consists of a divergent plate boundary.
• What are the opportunities of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic Eruption?

  • Prevented 2.8 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere
  • Increased passenger numbers in Eurostar
  • Triggered Plankton Bloom which increased biological productivity
  • Government launched campaign to promote tourism
• What are the impacts of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic Eruption?

  • Local water supplies contaminated with fluoride
  • Homes and roads damaged and services disrupted
  • More than 4,000 flights cancelled
  • Sporting events were cancelled or affected due to cancelled flights
  • Shares in major airlines dropped between 2.5-3.3%
  • Both imports and exports were impacted across countries in Europe on the Trade Front
• Label Diagram

  A) Focus

  B) Epicenter

  C) Fault Line

  D) Seismic Waves

  E) Conservative Plate Boundary

  
• A shallow Focus is more dangerous as it is more closer to the surface.
• What is the Case study for volcanoes?


  Eyjafjallajökull