Topic 19: Introduction to Animals Flashcards

• Fungi and Animals are members of what clade

  Opisthokonts clade
• what eukaryotic supergroup are fungi and animals apart of

  Unikonta protist supergroup
• In animals, what do tissues develop from?

  embryonic layers
• Are animals heterotrophs or autotrophs?

  heterotrophs
• what are the cell structure and specialization characteristics in animals? (4)

  -multicellular eukaryotes-lack cell walls-cells and tissues held together by extracellular structural proteins-somatic cells have different functions
• In animals, what two tissues are defining characteristics of animals?

  -nervous tissue-muscle tissue
• what are tissues

  integrated groups of cells with common structure and/or function.
• what is the most abundant protein in the human body

  collagen
• how many cell types do sponges have

  4-5
• how many types of cells do humans have

  more than 100
• what are the nutritional mode characteristics in animals? (3)

  -animals are chemoheterotrophs -cannot construct all necessary organic molecules, acquire them through food-ingest food and digest within their bodies
• what are the reproduction and development characteristics in animals? (5)

  -most reproduce sexually-dominating diploid stage in life cycle-motile haploid sperm fertilizes non-motile haploid egg to make a diploid zygote-sperm is small, egg is big-animals are motile
• what are the 4 stages in early embryonic development in animals?

  1) Following fertilization, the diploid zygote undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called cleavage.2) An eight-cell embryo is formed by three rounds of cleavage.3) In most animals, continued cleavage produces a multicellular, hollow blastula.4) Most animals also undergo gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.
• what is the blastula


  a hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity called the blastocoel
• The blastula stage during development is found only in what


  animals
• what is gastrulation


  a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
• what is a gastrula?


  an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.
• what happens to the blastula during gastrulation? (1) what two layers does it form? (2)

  One end of the blastula folds inward, expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing two layers of embryonic tissues: the ectoderm and the endoderm.
• what is the ectoderm?


  the germ layer covering the embryo's surface
• What is the endoderm?

  innermost germ layer of the embryo
• gastrulation is unique to what?

  animals
• What is the pouch formed by gastrulation called?

  archenteron
• The archenteron opens to the what? via the what?

  opens to the outside via the blastopore
• what is direct development?

  there is no larval stage involved in developmentimmature offspring is just a small version of the adult
• what is indirect development?


  intervening stages (larvae) whose morphology and behaviour differs greatly from the sexually mature adult stage-e.g. butterfly
• most animals have at least one what stage?


  at least one larval stage
• what is a larva?

  sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult
• what does a larva undergo to become a juvenile?

  undergoes metamorphosis
• most animals, and only animals have what gene that regulates the development of body form?

  Hox genes
• what undergoes metamorphosis and what does it result in?

  a larva undergoes metamorphosis and it results in it becoming a juvenile
• what do Hox genes control?

  patterns of anatomical development in embryos along the head-tail axis
• After the embryonic segments formed, what do Hox proteins determine?

  the type of segment structures (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies, or the different types of vertebrae in humans).
• Hox family of genes are highly what

  conserved
• What about the Hox genes is similar among different phyla of animals?

  The order of Hox genes along chromosomes
• What about the Hox genes differ among different phyla of animals?

  the number of Hox copies
• animals can be categorized according to what?

  body plan: set of morphological and developmental traits.
• the molecular control of what developmental process in animals has remained unchanged for more than 500 million years?


  gastrulation
• what about an animals body plan can be used to categorize them?

  by the symmetry of their bodies, or lack of
• What is radial symmetry?

  symmetry around a central axis
• radial animals are often what (2)

  sessile or planktonic- (drifting or weakly swimming)