AP Bio Unit 1

• organic chemistry


  the study of carbon compounds
• hydrocarbon

  organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
• isomer


  compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
• structural isomer


  One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
• geometric isomer


  compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond
• enantiomer


  One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
• functional group


  group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
• hydroxyl

  OH, -OH, Alcohol, ex. ethanol, polar, hydrophylic
• carbonyl

  -CO
• aldehyde

  An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.
• ketone


  when the carbonyl group is in the center of the skeleton
• carboxyl


  COOH, acid
• amino

  NH2, base
• sulfhydryl

  SH
• phosphate


  PO4
• polymer


  Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
• monomer


  a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
• dehydration synthesis


  A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
• hydrolysis

  a chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its bond
• carbohydrates


  the starches and sugars present in foods
• monosaccharide


  a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
• disaccharide

  A sugar formed from two monosaccharides
• polysaccharide

  Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
• glycosidic linkage


  A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
• starch


  polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers
• glycogen

  An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
• cellulose

  a large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls
• chitin


  complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
• lipid


  Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
• fat

  organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids
• saturated fat


  a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; tend to be solid at room temperature; found in animals
• unsaturated fat


  A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; tend to be oily liquids at room temperature; found in plants
• steroid


  a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached
• cholesterol

  A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
• protein

  macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
• polypeptide


  A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
• amino acid


  organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group, 20 common amino acids
• peptide


  the kind of bond formed when two amino acid units are jointed end to end
• Organic Compounds


  compounds that contain carbon
• Hydrocarbons


  organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen