ALL SUB

• Disaster


  (as defined by the United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction) a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
• Types of disaster


  • Natural
  • Human-made
• Natural disaster


  • Related to natural processes that occur on Earth with or without warning
  • A sudden and terrible event in nature (such as a hurricane, tornado, or flood) that usually results in serious damage and many deaths
• Human-made disaster


  • Caused by rapid industrialization
  • Examples: crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threat, cyber-attacks
• Effects of disaster


  • Primary effects
  • Secondary effects
  • Tertiary effects
• Primary effects


  Those coming directly from the incident itself
• Secondary effects


  Stem from the primary effects
• Tertiary effects


  The long-term effect of a hazard
• Hazard


  Any object, situation, or behavior that has the potential to cause injury, ill health, or damage to property or the environment
• Exposure


  The presence of people, livelihood, environmental services and resources, infrastructure, of economic, social, or cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected by physical events and which, thereby, are subject to potential future harm, loss, or damage
• Vulnerability


  The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
• Capacity

  The capability and coping ability of schools, households and communities to manage when disaster
• Layers of the Earth

  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Core
• Crust


  The thin outer layer of the Earth where we live, made up of rocks that consist primarily of silica and alumina
• Mantle


  The much thicker layer, made up of slightly different silicate rocks with more magnesium and iron
• Tectonic plates


  The combination of the crust and the outer mantle, also called the lithosphere, that move very slowly around a couple of inches a year
• Fault


  Where the tectonic plates touch each other
• Outer core


  Made up of iron and nickel, very hot, and creates the Earth's magnetic field
• Inner core


  Also made up of iron and nickel, but under immense pressure and is solid despite being the hottest part of the Earth, around 5000 degrees Celsius
• Abraham Ortelius noticed that some of the boundaries of continents seem to fit into the boundaries of other continents
• Alfred Wegener built on this idea and came up with the theory of continental drift
• Harry Hess suggested that the ocean floor can be viewed as giant conveyor belts that carry the continents
• Earthquake


  The sudden movement of the ground that releases elastic energy stored in rocks and generates seismic waves
• Fault


  Fractures on Earth's crust where rocks on one side of the break move past the rocks
• Hazard


  Measured in terms of units of energy and strength
• Risk


  Measured in fatalities or amount of damage
• Primary earthquake hazards


  • Ground shaking
  • Landslides
  • Liquefaction
  • Surface rupture
• Secondary earthquake hazards


  • Tsunami
  • Seiche
  • Flooding
  • Fire
• Magnitude


  A measure of earthquake size that remains unchanged with respect to the distance from the earthquake origin
• Intensity


  The degree of shaking caused by an earthquake
• In 1935, Charles Richter developed a system to measure the magnitude (or amount of energy) of an earthquake
• Arnis


  A traditional martial art originated in the Philippines
• Arnis


  • The primary weapon used is the cane or baton
  • It also involves hand to hand combat, grappling, and weapons disarming
• Arnis was developed by the indigenous populations of the Philippines that use in weaponry and self-defense
• Kali, eskrima, and garrote


  Other names for arnis
• Filipino islanders defeated Ferdinand Magellan's armored, musket-bearing Spanish conquistador forces when they tried to invade, using only bladed weapons and their fearsome arnis abilities


  1521
• While earlier Filipino martial arts were influenced by Spanish colonization, the modern forms have been affected by the country's contact with both the United States and Japan after gaining independence in 1898
• The government of the Philippines declared arnis to be the martial art and national sport of the Philippines

  2009
• Arnis performance


  Can be individual or with partner, using single stick or a pair of sticks
• Remy Presas


  Founded arnis, used in self-defense