Med 7

• Inflammation is a series of physiologic and morphologic changes in blood vessels, blood components, and surrounding tissues for the purpose of protecting the body against injury.
• The cardinal signs of inflammation are Rubor (Redness), Tumor (Swelling), Calor (Heat), Dolor (Pain), and Fictio Laesa (Loss of function).
• Acute inflammation is usually, but not necessarily, of sudden onset, is vascular and exudative, and is predominantly characterized by neutrophils.
• Sub-chronic inflammation represents an intermediate grade between acute and chronic inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation is persistent of the injuring agent for weeks/years, is vascular and fibroblastic, and is predominantly characterized by mononuclears but may also present neutrophils.
• According to the character of exudate, inflammation can be classified as Serrous (Clear Exudate), Fibrinous (Fibrinogen), Catarrhal (Mucous Membranes), Hemorrhagic (RBCs), or Suppurative (Pus cell/Kamikazi cell).
• Retrogressive changes refer to the changes in a mature organ that decreases in size and becomes non-functional due to aging or in response to various pathological conditions.
• Brain: 1150 – 1450gm
• Adrenals: 4gm or so each
• Spleen: 60 – 300gm
• Desiccation is a condition that occurs due to the drying and wrinkling of eyes.
• Liver: 1100 – 1630gm
• L Lung: 250 – 350gm
• R Lung: 300 – 400gm
• Autolysis is a condition that occurs due to self-digestion caused by lysosomes, also known as saprophytic organisms that eat decaying bodies.
• Putrefaction is a condition that occurs due to the invasion of microorganisms.
• Heart: 250 – 300gm
• A healthy, relaxed sedentary 70 kg man usually has organs that weigh in these ranges:
• Thyroid: 10 – 50gm
• Livor Mortis, also known as Postmortem lividity, is a condition that occurs 10-12 hours after death.
• Postmortem Clot is a condition that occurs after Livor Mortis.
• Progressive changes are changes that occur in a forward direction (growth).
• Developmental defects refer to incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ, most commonly seen in one paired structure, and are represented only by a mass or fibrous tissue.
• Aplasia is the absence of an organ.
• Hypoplasia is the failure of an organ to reach its full mature size.
• Atresia is the failure of an organ to form an opening.
• Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an organ or tissue, which occurs as a natural consequence of maturation, for example, atrophy of the thymus during puberty.
• Hypertrophy is a change in tissue size where the size of individual cells or the number of cells making up the tissue increases.
• Metaplasia is a reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another.
• Anaplasia refers to cell immaturity and is usually used as a criterion toward malignancy.
• Staging of Tumor is based on the size of the primary lesion, its extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and the presence or absence of metastasis.
• Secondary changes in Somatic Death include Algor Mortis, Rigor Mortis, and others.
• Epithelial Tissue Tumors can be benign or malignant.
• Melanoma/Melanocarcinoma is a type of epithelial tissue tumor.
• Dysplasia Atypical Hyperplasia is a type of adult cell changes in structural components.
• Renal Epithelium Renal Tubular Adenoma is a type of epithelial tissue tumor.
• Leukemia is a type of lymphoid tissue tumor.
• Rhabdomyoma is a type of Benign striated muscle tumor.
• Osteosarcoma is a type of bone tumor.
• Hemangiosarcoma is a type of blood vessels tumor.