Geog

• Where is the Medmerry case study located?

  West Sussex, UK
• Why were previous shingle defenses considered unsustainable?

  They were expensive and ineffective
• What management strategy was implemented in 2013 at Medmerry?

  Managed retreat
• What was allowed to flood as part of the managed retreat strategy?

  Low-value farmland
• What are the results of the managed retreat at Medmerry?

  Created salt marsh, reduced flood risk, improved habitats
• What did some farmers oppose in the Medmerry case study?

  Loss of land
• What are the depositional features mentioned in the study material?

  • Beaches
  • Spits
  • Bars
  • Tombolos
• How are beaches formed?

  By deposition of sand/shingle in low-energy environments
• What is a spit?

  Long, narrow ridges of sand extending into the sea
• What forms when a spit grows across a bay?

  A lagoon
• What is a tombolo?

  A spit connecting an island to the mainland
• What are the erosion landforms mentioned in the study material?

  • Headlands & Bays
  • Caves
  • Arches
  • Stacks
  • Stumps
• How do headlands and bays form?

  Soft rock erodes faster than hard rock
• What process enlarges weaknesses in headlands?

  Erosion
• What is hydraulic action?

  Waves trap air in cracks, forcing rock apart
• What is abrasion in coastal processes?

  Rocks thrown at cliffs by waves
• What is attrition?

  Rocks collide, becoming smaller and smoother
• What does solution refer to in coastal processes?

  Acidic seawater dissolves rock
• What are the physical causes of flooding mentioned in the study material?

  • Heavy Rainfall
  • Impermeable Geology
  • Snowmelt
  • Relief (Steep Slopes)
  • Coastal Storm Surges
• How does heavy rainfall contribute to flooding?

  Saturated ground leads to increased runoff
• What role does impermeable geology play in flooding?

  No infiltration leads to surface runoff
• How does snowmelt contribute to flooding?

  Sudden temperature rise causes excess water
• How does relief affect flooding?

  Steep slopes lead to faster runoff into rivers
• What causes coastal storm surges?

  High tides and strong winds push seawater inland
• What are the hard engineering methods for coastal and river management?

  • Sea Walls
  • Groynes
  • Rock Armour (Riprap)
  • Gabions
  • Dams
  • Channel Straightening
• What is the purpose of sea walls?

  To absorb wave energy
• What are groynes used for?

  To trap sediment
• What is rock armour used for?

  To absorb wave energy
• What are gabions designed to do?

  Break waves
• What is the purpose of dams in flood management?

  To store floodwater
• What does channel straightening do?

  Speeds up river flow
• What is the Jubilee River case study about?

  • Location: Near Maidenhead, UK
  • Reason: Thames River prone to flooding
  • Management: Artificial channel (11.7 km) to divert excess water
• What was a success of the Jubilee River management?

  Reduced flooding in high-value areas
• What habitat was created as a result of the Jubilee River management?

  Wetland habitats
• What problem arose from the Jubilee River management?

  Flooded downstream villages
• How much did the Jubilee River management cost to maintain?

  £110 million
• What are the features of river processes in different courses?

  • Upper Course: V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, gorges
  • Middle Course: Meanders, oxbow lakes
  • Lower Course: Floodplains, levees, deltas
• What characterizes the upper course of a river?

  V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs
• What features are found in the middle course of a river?

  Meanders and oxbow lakes
• What features characterize the lower course of a river?

  Floodplains and levees