Hematology MTAP/SEM

• Blood type A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells, while blood type B has B antigens.
• The total volume of blood is 5-7L for males and 4-6L for females, or 7-8% of body weight.
• EDTA is used in Modified Westergren ESR (original westergren uses citrate).
• Sodium Citrate binds calcium, forming a soluble complex that is buffered to 3.2% or 0.109 M citrate (light blue), preserves factors V and VIII, and maintains an A/B ratio of 1:9.
• EDTA causes shrinkage of cells.
• Anticoagulants used in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining include EDTA, Sodium Citrate, Oxalate, and Heparin.
• Separator Gel is an inert material that undergoes a temporary change in viscosity during the centrifugation process, enabling it to serve as a separation barrier between the liquid (serum or plasma) and cells.
• Sodium Citrate is a component of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining.
• EDTA is the preferred anticoagulant for platelet count.
• Plasma, which makes up 55% of total blood, is 90% water and 10% proteins, CHO, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, lipids and salts.
• Tertiary protein structure describes the three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chains.
• Hemoglobin consists of heme and two dimers of globin chains.
• Quaternary protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.
• The quaternary structure of hemoglobin, also called a tetramer, describes the complete hemoglobin molecule.
• Secondary protein structure involves the local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets.
• A heme molecule is a ferrous iron atom.
• Primary protein structure refers to the sequence of a chain of amino acids.
• Hemoglobin can carry ___ molecules of O2.
• Heme consists of a ring of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms called protoporphyrin IX, with a central atom of divalent ferrous iron (Fe2+).
• Formed elements in blood, which make up 45% of total blood, include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
• Sodium Citrate inversion is 3-4.
• Xylose/L-glutamine is a clot activator and gel separator material.
• EDTA (versene, sequestrene) (Na 2 or K 2 ) is a thrombin based clot-activator.
• Heparin (Na, Li, or NH 4 ) inhibits the glycolytic enzyme enolase and acts as an anticoagulant resulting in whole blood or plasma.
• Heparin (Na, Li, or NH 4 ) inactivates many ions.
• Remedy for polycythemia is to reduce the amount of citrate.
• Polycythemic patient (Hct > 55%) has underfilled tubes.
• Standard Westergren (black) has an optimum concentration of 1-2mg/ml.
• Citrate equals tPT & APTT.
• Red inversion is used for most chemistry, blood bank, and immunology assays.
• Sodium fluoride/Potassium oxalate inversion is 8-8.
• The gaseous portion of blood includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, and CO (by-product of hemolysis).
• In children older than 1 year of age and in adults, the palmar surface of the distal portion of the third (middle) or fourth (ring) finger on the nondominant hand may be used for skin puncture.
• Fingers of infants should not be punctured because of the risk of serious bone injury.
• Advantages of capillary puncture include accessible capillary sites and the patient's veins are exhausted from repeated punctures.
• Only a small amount of blood is needed, and no blood is wasted.
• The puncture on the finger should be made perpendicular to the fingerprint lines.
• Disadvantages of capillary puncture include tissue fluid, escaping into the sample during squeezing necessary to obtain the specimen, can mix with the blood flow, resulting in a dilution effect.
• Capillary puncture is a technique where a needle is inserted into a capillary site, usually on the lateral or medial plantar heel surface, to obtain a blood sample.
• Capillary punctures can be painful, especially to the fingertips.