Learning aim B

• effects of bullying

  Self esteem, self harm, suicide
• Family dysfunction

  Not providing all support and benefits associated with being in a family
• Bobo doll experiment

  1. Child placed in a room with toys and a adult was aggressive to bobo doll
  2. As the adult left the child start to produce the same behaviour especially boys were more aggressive
  3. when adult was nice to bobo doll the child was also nice
• Criticism of social leaning theory

  Social learning theory ignores the influence of biological factors on behaviour and development such as hormones and genetics
• Application to social learning theory

  Young people are likely to peer pressure and carry out risk taking behaviour such as drinking alcohol.

  • If a young person feels they do not fit in they start to imitate the behaviour of individuals who are popular
• Bandura‘s social learning theory 


  States that individuals to develop who they are through environmental factors.

  • attention
  • retain
  • reproduce
  • motivate
• Supporters of Gessell

  Milestones are helpful for educators to track development
• Criticism of Gessell

  • Offers very little in explanation for personality differences
  • environment will have an impact such as Genie Wisley
• effects of poor housing

  • Anxiety and Depression = low self esteem
  • Respiratory problems= mould spores and dust leading to asthma
  • Cardiovascular- lifestyle factors such as smoking
• Case studies for environmental factors

  • Ella Adoo-Kissi= a girl who died due to inhaling pollutant
• Case studies for environmental factors

  Awaab Ishak - 2 years old who died due to mould in house
• Poor housing conditions leads to :

  • Constant health problems
  • Not having heating can lead to hypothermia for elderly
  • Dampness, mould, fungus grow due to lack of heating
• Effects of exposure to pollution

  • Respiratory Problems= inflammation of the airway and lung
  • Allergies= pollutants in are trigger cough and wheeze
  • Cardiovascular = damage blood vessels by making it harder and narrower
• pollutants of major health concern

  • Carbon monoxide
  • nitrogen dioxide
  • sulphur dioxide
• Family definition

  People who loves, cares and respects your by

  • Sharing life experiences
  • emotional support
  • influences
• Disadvantages of Divorice

  • Children to pick sides
  • anxiety and depression
• Advantages of divorce

  • Peer pressure
  • someone might be abusive
• Barriers to accessing services

  • Availability of transport
  • opening hours of services
• Taking drugs on pregnant women

  • put baby’s health at risk
  • 21% increase in ADHD was found in Baby of whose mother was on drugs
• Smoking on pregnant women

  • Cause abnormal bleeding
  • baby can also be born early or too small
• Impact of drinking alcohol on pregnant women

  • Leads to defects after birth such as learning disabilities
  • interfere with baby’s development of their brain
• Being overweight in pregnancy

  • Obesity can increase complications including miscarriage
  • obese women are prone to infections and problems with breastfeeding
• Importance of folic acid

  • Helps to reduce red blood cells
  • prevent major birth defects of baby’s spine and brain
• Foods to avoid during pregnancy

  • Shellfish such as oysters- carry bacteria that can cause life threatening infections
  • eggs- there is a risk from food poisoning caused by salmonella
• Gessell‘s maturation theory

  • Observed large groups of children to establish what skills and abilities children had a different ages known as milestones
  • Gessell Believed that children move through milestones at their own pace
  • Development is predetermined and the environment around them has no impact
• Diathesis model explanation

  • psychological theory
  • looks at how nature and nurture affect behaviour
  • a person with very little vulnerability can endure high amount of stress without developing mental disorder
• Evaluation of stress diathesis model 


  People may develop mental health problems without a major life event
• Nurture of stress diathesis

  Environmental factors such as stressful life event may trigger the activation of the gene which results in a schizophrenic episode
• nature part of stress diathesis model

  A child may have inherited the gene from the parents. This means that they are predisposed to the gene
• What is the stress diathesis model

  It is the explanation that a disorder or behaviour trait is the result of an interaction between genetic predisposition vulnerability and stress
• Factors affecting personality

  • Gender roles
  • language
  • attachment
  • behaviour
• Nature- Support from Dr Thomas Bouchard 


  Dr Thomas Bouchard of the Minnesota Centre for twin adoption research concluded that genetic factors play a huge part in human behaviour. The study focused on identical twins who had been raised apart from each other
• Maturation definition

  A timetable of development built into a persons genotype

  • walking
  • language
  • puberty
• What is personality

  Unique set of characteristics which is relatively stable over time
• What are some gender differences

  • Clear biological differences
  • occupational roles differences
  • playtime differences
• What is nurture

  The influence of external factors such as social and environmental
• what is nature

  Genetic inheritance
• Colour blindness effects on health

  • Learning difficulty at school
  • difficulty to understand warning signs
• What is colour blindness

  unable to differentiate between shades of yellow, blue and green
• Treatment for Huntington Disease

  Drugs are helpful for controlling unusual movements caused by this disease