Classification of Schizophrenia

• What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

  1%
• Which groups are more commonly affected by schizophrenia?

  Males, city-dwellers, lower socio-economic groups
• How can symptoms of schizophrenia affect daily life?

  They can interfere with everyday tasks
• What is required for the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Identifying symptoms and determining the disorder
• What are the two major systems for classifying mental disorders?

  WHO and APA
• How many negative symptoms are needed for diagnosis according to WHO?

  Two or more negative symptoms
• How many positive symptoms are needed for diagnosis according to APA?

  One positive symptom
• What are hallucinations?

  Unusual sensory experiences
• In what ways can hallucinations be experienced?

  In relation to any sense
• What are delusions also known as?

  Paranoia
• What are common themes of delusions?

  Being an important figure or persecuted
• What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Loss of usual abilities and experiences
• What does speech poverty refer to?

  Reduction in amount and quality of speech
• What is emphasized in speech disorganization?

  Incoherence and topic changes mid-sentence
• What is avolition sometimes called?

  Apathy
• What are the signs of avolition according to Andreasen (1982)?

  Poor hygiene, lack of persistence, lack of energy
• What does reliability in diagnosis mean?

  Consistency
• What does validity in diagnosis mean?

  Accuracy
• What can affect the validity of a diagnosis?

  Co-morbidity, gender bias, culture bias, symptom overlap
• What is a strength of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Good reliability among clinicians

  
• What did Osorio et al (2019) report about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Excellent reliability with inter-rater agreement of +.97
• What does low validity in schizophrenia diagnosis indicate?

  Over- or under-diagnosis of the condition
• What did Cheniaux et al (2009) find about schizophrenia diagnoses?

  Different diagnoses by ICD and DSM for same clients
• What is co-morbidity?

  Conditions that often co-occur with schizophrenia
• What did Buckley et al (2009) conclude about schizophrenia?

  Commonly co-morbid with depression and substance abuse
• What is a potential issue with gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Men are diagnosed more often than women
• What might explain the gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Men's genetic vulnerability or women's support
• What is culture bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Symptoms accepted in some cultures may be misinterpreted
• How are Afro-Caribbean men affected by culture bias in diagnosis?

  More likely to receive a diagnosis than white British men
• What is symptom overlap?

  Overlap between symptoms of schizophrenia and other conditions
• What does symptom overlap suggest about schizophrenia?

  It may not exist as a distinct condition
• What is a classification issue related to schizophrenia?

  Difficulty distinguishing it from bipolar disorder
• What does the diagnosis issue imply about schizophrenia?

  It is hard to diagnose accurately