Features of science

• What are the features of science mentioned in the material?

  Objectivity, replicability, falsifiability, theory construction, paradigms

  
• What does objectivity in science aim to achieve?

  To eliminate personal biases in investigations
• What is the empirical method in psychology?

  Gathering evidence through observation and experience
• Why is replicability important in scientific research?

  It tests the validity of research results
• What does falsifiability mean in the context of scientific theories?

  A theory must admit the possibility of being proven false
• Who proposed the concept of falsifiability as a key criterion for scientific theories?

  Karl Popper
• How does Popper differentiate between scientific theories and pseudosciences?

  Scientific theories can be tested and falsified
• What is the process of deriving a new hypothesis from an existing theory called?

  Deduction
• How can a hypothesis be tested according to the material?

  Using systematic and objective methods
• What does Kuhn suggest distinguishes scientific disciplines from non-scientific ones?

  A shared set of assumptions and methods
• What occurs during a paradigm shift?

  A group questions the accepted paradigm
• What does the term 'pre-science' refer to in Kuhn's view of psychology?

  Psychology lacks a universally accepted paradigm
• How does the material suggest psychologists should phrase their findings?

  Using 'supports' instead of 'proves'
• What are the key components of the empirical method in psychology?

  • Experimental method
  • Observational method
  • Evidence gathering through direct observation
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of falsifiability?

  Strengths:

  • Allows for hypothesis testing
  • Distinguishes science from pseudoscience

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Not all theories can be easily falsified
  • Some valid theories may not be testable
• What is the process of theory construction and hypothesis testing in science?

  1. Gather evidence via direct observation
  2. Formulate hypotheses based on theories
  3. Test hypotheses using scientific methods
  4. Support or refute the theory based on results
• What are the implications of a paradigm shift in scientific research?

  • Challenges accepted paradigms
  • Leads to new theories and methods
  • Reflects significant changes in understanding
• What are the definitions of key terms in the study material?

  1. Objectivity: Elimination of personal bias
  2. Empirical Method: Evidence through observation
  3. Replicability: Repeatability of findings
  4. Falsifiability: Possibility of being proven false
  5. Paradigm: Shared assumptions in science
  6. Paradigm shift: Change in accepted scientific concepts