ME: MEDICAL HEALERS - physicians - trained at universities for 7-10 years (e.g. cambridge, paris, bologna, montpellier and padua), read ancient texts and writings from the Islamic world, little practical work during school, diagnosed illness and recommended treatment using clinical observation, consulted astrological charts and humoural tendencies, would observe the patient's blood, urine and faeces samples, not allowed to to carry out clergy procedures, did not carry out procedures (left to lower paid+less trained)