Cultural bias

• Who developed the Chitling Test?

  Dove

  
• What cultural context is the Chitling Test based on?

  African-American culture in the 1960s

  
• Why do people from other cultures traditionally underperform on the Chitling Test?

  It is based on African-American culture
• What issue does the Chitling Test highlight?

  Cultural bias in normal IQ tests
• What does 'culture bias' refer to in psychology?

  The tendency to judge by one's own culture
• What did Henrich et al. (2010) find about study participants?

  68% were from the US
• What percentage of participants in Henrich et al.'s study were from industrialized nations?

  96%
• What does Arnett (2008) state about psychology undergraduate students?

  80% are from Western cultures
• What term did Henrich et al. (2010) coin to describe a specific participant demographic?

  WEIRD
• What does WEIRD stand for?

  Westernised, Educated, Industrialised, Rich Democracies
• How does the norm set by WEIRD people affect non-Western cultures?

  They are seen as 'abnormal' or 'inferior'
• What is Alpha Bias in psychological research?

  Exaggerating differences between cultures
• What is a consequence of Alpha Bias?

  Theories devalue one culture compared to another
• What is Beta Bias in psychological research?

  Minimizing differences between cultures
• What is a consequence of Beta Bias?

  Theories ignore lives of non-Western people
• What is ethnocentrism?

  Seeing the world from one's own culture
• How does ethnocentrism affect behavior assessment?

  Non-conforming behavior is seen as abnormal
• What assumption did researchers make about the Strange Situation?

  It had the same meaning across cultures
• How did Japanese infants respond in Ainsworth's study?

  Classed as insecurely attached due to distress
• Why might Japanese infants show distress during separation?

  They are rarely separated from their mothers
• What is cultural relativism?

  Recognizing cultural context to avoid bias

  
• How is IQ considered culturally relative?

  It varies based on cultural context
• What does Berry (1969) differentiate between in cultural research?

  Etic and Emic approaches
• What does an etic approach involve?

  Looking at behavior from outside a culture
• What does an emic approach involve?

  Looking at behavior from inside a culture
• Is Ainsworth's study an etic or emic approach?

  Etic
• What is a strength of cultural psychology?

  Studies how culture shapes individuals
• What is a limitation of classic studies in psychology?

  They are often culturally biased
• What did Asch's and Milgram's studies reveal about cultural bias?

  Results differed in collectivist cultures
• What does the counterpoint suggest about individualist and collectivist cultures?

  Differences may matter less due to global media
• What is a limitation regarding ethnic stereotyping in intelligence testing?

  Tests led to social policies based on bias

  
• What did Gould (1981) explain about early intelligence tests?

  They contained ethnocentric items
• What was the outcome of IQ tests given to army recruits during WWI?

  Many were deemed inferior due to bias
• How does cultural bias justify prejudice?

  It leads to discrimination against groups
• What is cultural relativism in relation to behavior understanding?

  Behavior is understood within cultural context

  
• How does cultural relativism contrast with ethnocentrism?

  Cultural relativism considers cultural context

  
• What did Ainsworth's research fail to consider about German children?

  Independence encouraged higher insecure-avoidant behavior
• What is the implication of cultural bias in psychological research?

  It affects the validity of findings
• How can cultural bias be avoided in research?

  By recognizing cultural context
• What does the term 'cultural context' refer to?

  The environment and norms of a culture