Monitoring and maintaining health

• What do lymphocytes produce?

  Antibodies
• How do antibodies interact with pathogens?

  They fit on antigens on the pathogen's surface
• What are the stages of drug testing?

  1. Preclinical drug trials
  2. Testing on healthy volunteers
  3. Testing on small patient groups
  4. Testing on large patient groups
  5. Use of placebos
• What happens during a primary immune response?

  Antibody levels slowly increase and peak
• When do antibody levels peak during a primary infection?


  Around ten days
• What triggers a secondary immune response?

  A second exposure to the same antigen
• How do memory cells function in the immune response?

  They produce antibodies quickly upon re-exposure
• What must match between a donor and recipient for organ transplants?

  Blood group
• What lifestyle factors increase the risk of heart disease?

  Poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking
• How does carbon monoxide from smoking affect blood pressure?

  It causes an increase in blood pressure
• What can high blood pressure damage?

  Blood vessels
• How can high blood pressure be reduced?

  By blocking the effects of adrenaline
• What effect does blocking adrenaline have on the heart?

  It slows the heartbeat
• How can blood vessels be widened to lower blood pressure?

  By relaxing blood vessels
• What is the result of widening blood vessels?

  More blood flows through at lower pressure
• What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?

  They engulf and digest pathogens
• What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

  B-cells and T-cells
• What is personalized medicine?

  Medicine tailored to individual patient needs
• How do drugs affect blood pressure?

  They can block adrenaline effects