infection and responce

• What is the name for an organism that causes a disease?

  Pathogen
• What 4 types of pathogen are there?

  Bacteria

  Virus

  Fungi

  Protist
• How can disease be spread in animals and plants?

  Direct contact

  Water

  Air
• What do bacteria and viruses do once inside the body?

  Reproduce rapidly
• What do bacteria release to make us feel ill?

  Toxins
• How do viruses make us feel ill?

  Reproduce inside cells
• How do we protect against measles?

  Vaccination
• What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

  Flu-like symptoms
• What do we use to control the reproduction of HIV?

  Antiretroviral drugs
• Tobacco Mosaic Virus is a disease that affects plants. What are the symptoms?

  Mosaic pattern on leaves which reduces photosynthesis, stunting growth
• How is tobacco mosaic virus spread from plant to plant?

  Direct contact
• What type of pathogen causes salmonella and gonorrhoea.

  Bacteria
• What type of cell is a bacterial cell?

  Prokaryotic
• Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell

  In the cytoplasm
• How is salmonella spread?

  Through contaminated food
• How do we treat gonorrhoea?

  Antibiotics
• What type of pathogen causes rose black spot and athlete's foot?

  Fungi
• Rose black spot is a disease affecting plants. What are the symptoms?


  Spots on leaves. Then leaves turn yellow and drop off
• Why do plants with rose black spot disease grow more slowly?

  They can't photosynthesise as much
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Through water and wind
• How is athlete's foot spread?

  Direct contact
• How can we treat rose black spot?

  Remove affected leaves and use fungicides
• What pathogen causes malaria?

  Protists
• What organism transports the protist pathogen between hosts and acts as a vector?

  Mosquitoes
• What is the term for an organism that spreads disease without directly causing it?

  A vector
• How does the skin protect us from infection?

  Forms a physical barrier
• What does the stomach have to protect us from infection?

  Stomach acid
• What three things do white blood cells do to respond to pathogens?

  Release anti-toxins

  Release antibodies

  Phagocytosis (engulf pathogens)
• What is the process during which white blood cells engulf and break down pathogens using digestive enzymes?

  Phagocytosis
• What is the name of the chemical released by white blood cells to neutralise toxins released by bacteria?

  Anti-toxins
• What type of substance are antibodies and enzymes?

  Proteins
• What is special about the binding site of an antibody and the antigens on the pathogen they are produced against?

  Complementary shape
• What is the name for the process of introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies?

  Vaccination
• If the same pathogen enter again then white blood cells respond quickly to produce antibodies much faster, preventing infection. What is this known as?

  Immunity
• What do we call medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body?

  Antibiotics
• Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viruses?

  Viruses reproduce inside our cells
• How have antibiotics affected death rates from infectious disease?


  Greatly reduced them
• What do we call a strain of a bacteria that isn't affected by a particular antibiotic?

  Resistant
• What type of drug treats symptoms but does not kill pathogens?

  Pain killers
• How did we first get drugs?

  From plants