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Biology
Module 5
Excretion
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Cards (62)
What is excretion?
Removal of
metabolic
waste products
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Why is excretion important for homeostasis?
It prevents tissue damage from
waste accumulation
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What does the liver break down amino acids into?
Urea
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What is the process called that converts amino acids into urea?
Deamination
followed by the
ornithine cycle
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What does the liver detoxify?
Alcohol, drugs, and
hormones
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What does the liver store?
Glycogen
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What is the function of bile produced by the liver?
Aids lipid digestion by
emulsifying
fats
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What happens to excess amino acids in the liver?
They are converted into
urea
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What is ammonia converted into in the liver?
Urea
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What is the hepatic artery's function?
Delivers
oxygenated
blood to the liver
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What does the hepatic portal vein connect?
The
liver
to the
intestines
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What are liver lobules made up of?
Cylindrical structures of
hepatocytes
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What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
Break down old
red blood cells
and bacteria
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What are the two main parts of the kidney?
Medulla
and
cortex
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How does blood reach the kidneys?
Via the
renal artery
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What are the structures that filter blood in the kidneys called?
Nephrons
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What substances do kidneys remove from the blood?
Excess water, ions, and
urea
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What is ultrafiltration?
Process where
blood
is filtered under
high pressure
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What surrounds the glomerulus?
Bowman's capsule
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Why is blood pressure high in the glomerulus?
The
efferent arteriole
is smaller than the
afferent
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What is glomerular filtrate?
Substance formed from
small
molecules pushed out
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What layers do small molecules pass through during filtration?
Capillary endothelium
,
basement membrane
, epithelium
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Where does selective reabsorption occur in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
,
loop of Henle
,
distal convoluted tubule
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How is glucose reabsorbed in the PCT?
By
active transport
and
facilitated diffusion
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What feature of the PCT epithelium aids reabsorption?
Microvilli
provide a large surface area
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How is water reabsorbed in the nephron?
By
osmosis
in various nephron parts
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What does urine contain?
Excess water, salts, and
urea
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What regulates water reabsorption in the nephron?
Hormones such as
ADH
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What are the two limbs of the loop of Henle called?
Ascending
and
descending limb
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What is the permeability of the ascending limb?
Permeable to
ions
, impermeable to
water
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What happens at the top of the ascending limb?
Sodium ions
are actively pumped into the
medulla
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How does water move out of the nephron?
By
osmosis
from the
descending limb
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What happens to the filtrate as water moves out?
It becomes more
concentrated
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How does the nephron's water potential change?
It lowers as
sodium ions
move out
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What is the role of ADH in urine concentration?
Increases water reabsorption in
collecting duct
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How does ADH affect the collecting duct wall?
Makes it more
permeable
to water
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What triggers the release of ADH?
Low water levels in blood
plasma
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What do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect?
A drop in
blood water potential
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What is kidney failure?
When
kidneys
stop filtering toxic substances
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What can cause kidney failure?
Infection
or
high blood pressure
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