ECONOMIC ORGANISATION

• Economic organisation consists of the ordering and organisation of human relations and human efforts in order to procure as many of the necessities of day-to-day as possible with the expenditure of minimum effort.
• Economic organisation is an attempt to secure the maximum satisfaction possible through adapting limited means to unlimited ends (needs) in an organised manner.
• Economic goods are scarce objects which are attained through a serious and continuous effort of man for the satisfaction of basic needs for living.
• Free goods are goods that can be obtained spontaneously and are free gifts of nature.
• The north-eastern group practices terrace agriculture.
• the middle (central) group practices shifting axe cultivation
• The southern group practices food gathering.
• The Kadar continues to be a food-gathering tribe and even shifting axe cultivation.
• The Birhor, the Kharia, the Chenchu, the Malapantaram, the Kadar, the Paliyan, the Paniyan, the Yanadi and the Kurumba are examples of food gathering tribes
• The Oraon, the Munda, the Bhil, the Santhal, the Majhwar, the Kharwar, the Baiga, the Korwa, the Gond, the Ho and the Assam tribes practice agriculture.
• The shifting axe cultivation of the Naga is known as Jhum.
• The shifting axe cultivation of the Bhuiya is Dahi, if all the trees are cut down, and Koman, if only bushes and shrubs are placed round the trees and then burnt.
• The shifting axe cultivation of the Maria of Bastar is called Penda.
• The shifting axe cultivation of the Khond is Podu.
• The shifting axe cultivation of the Baiga is known as Bewar.
• The Baiga report that Bhagwan told their ancestor, Nanga Baiga, not to plough the land as the Hindus and the Gond did, as doing so would mean tearing of the mother earth.
• Manu and other ancient lawmakers laid down an injunction against Brahmins engaging in cultivation in view of the fact that many under-earth-dwelling Jivas die in the process.
• The Maria Gond distil spirits from forest produce.
• The Saora, the Kond and the Gond practice cow herding, metal working, weaving, cane weaving and pottery.
• The Madras Irula make bamboo mats and baskets, ploughshares and wheels for local use.
• The Todas are a classic example of pastoral economy.
• Large numbers of the Santhal, Khond and the Gond have migrated to Assam and taken up various jobs in tea plantation.
• The Santhal are said to be good pick-miners and coal cutters.
• The Santhal and the Ho are prominent in the Bihar iron industry.
• The full form of MGNREGA is Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
• The MGNREGA is an Indian labour law and social security measure.
• The MGREGA was proposed on 5th September 2005.
• The MGREGA was launched on 2nd February 2006.
• The Jajmani system is a system governed by relationships based off reciprocity in intercaste relations in a village.
• The Jajmani system implies traditional occupational obligations between castes.
• According to M. N. Srinivas, the Jajmani system which is based on the interdependence of caste is one of the main factors that add to village solidarity.
• The Agrarian structure is a network of relations among the various groups of persons who draw their livelihood from the soil.
• A market is a place where buyers and sellers engage in the activity of sale and purchase of goods.
• Weekly markets bring together people from surrounding villages, who come to sell their agricultural or other produce and to buy manufactured goods and other items that are not available in their villages.
• Money as a store and measurement of value and a medium of exchange is not as widely used in primitive society as it is in modern.