1. Characteristic and classification of living organism

• Characteristic of living organism:

  Movement: an action by an organism causing a change of position or place
• Characteristic of an organism:

  Movement: an action by an organism causing a change of position or place

  Respiration: the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy

  Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment

  Growth: a permanent increase in size

  Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

  Excretion: removal from organisms of toxic materials

  Nutrition: taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
• Species: a group of organism that can reproduce fertile offspring
• Organism are classified into group by features that they share, traditionally through morphology (shape and form) and anatomy (body structure)
• Sequences of bases in DNA and amino acids in proteins is a more accurate way of classifying
• Linnaeus classification system (they get more specific as subdivided): Domain(dear), Kingdom(king), Phylum(Philip), Class(came), Order(over), Family(for), Genus(good), Species(soup)
• Organism were named in Latin: Genus species
• 5 kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, Protoctista, prokaryote
• Main features of animal cells:

  • multicellular (made up of many cells)
  • have a nucleus, no cell wall/chloroplast
  • feed on organic substances made by other living things

  
• Main features of plant cells:

  • multicellular
  • contains a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose (strengthen) cell walls
  • all fed by photosynthesis

  
• All vertebrate have a backbone
• Features of mammals:

  • fur/hair on skin
  • have a placenta
  • young feed on milk from mammary glands
  • external ears visible
  • endothermic
• Features of birds:

  • skin covered in feathers
  • have 2 legs and 2 wings
  • lay eggs with hard shells
  • have a beak
  • endothermic
• Features of reptiles:

  • dry, fixed scales on skin
  • lay eggs with rubbery shells
• Features of amphibians:

  • smooth, moist skin
  • adults usually live on lands (so have lungs)
  • larvae live in water (so have gills)
  • lay eggs without shells in water
• Features of fish:

  • loose, wet scale on skin
  • gills to breathe
  • lay eggs without shells in water
• Invertebrates does not have a backbone
• Features of a myriapods:

  • body consists of many segments
  • each segment contains at least 1 pair of jointed legs
  • 1 pair of antennae
• Features of insects:

  • 3 part body- head, thorax and abdomen
  • 3 pairs of jointed legs
  • 2 pairs of wings (1 or both pair may be non-functional)
  • 1 pair on antennae
• Features of arachnids:

  • 2 part body - cephalothorax, abdomen
  • 4 pair of jointed legs
  • no antennae
• Features of crustaceans:

  • more than 4 pair of jointed legs
  • chalky exoskeleton formed from calcium
  • breathe through gills
  • 2 pairs of antennae
• Main feature of a fungi:

  • usually multicellular
  • no photosynthesis
  • feed by saprophytic (dead/decaying material) or parasite materials

  
• Main features of protocists:

  • most are unicellular, some are multicellular
  • all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
  • some photosynthesise, some fed on organic substances

  
• Main features of prokaryotes (bacteria, algae):

  • often unicellular
  • have cell walls (not of cellulose) and cytoplasm
  • NO nucleus, mitochondria

  
• Ferns (plant kingdoms):

  • have leaves calls fronds
  • doesn't produce flowers but reproduce by spores on underside of fronds
• Flowering plants (plants kingdom):

  • reproduce sexually by flowers and seeds
  • seeds produced in ovary found at base of flower
  • can be divided into 2 groups:
  • Monocotyledons: petals in multiple of 3, parallel leaf veins
  • Dicotyledons: petals in multiple of 3/4, reticulated leaf veins