Violation of expectation research.

• in a VOE experiment infants see 2 events, expected and unexpected.
• Control condition- Expected event of a tall object being visible as it passed behind a screen with a window. The experimental condition- unexpected EVENT involved the tall object not appearing when it passes behind the screen with the window
• results found on average, infants looked at expected events for 25.11 sec and unexpected events for 33.07 seconds.
• This shows the longer stare time demonstrates surprise and recognition that the infant had seen an unexpected event as the infant expects to see the object passed through the window.Therefore, infants have an understanding of the physical world before eight months.
• Protuberance- Suggesting a hidden object under the cover. Infants aged 9.5 months showed a surprise when the cover was removed and nothing was under it, but didn't show surprise when the object revealed was smaller than the protuberant suggested. This demonstrates that infants have a limited understanding of the physical world. 12.5 month old children showed surprise when there was a mismatch in the protuberance of the object shows their understanding of the physical world becomes sophisticated as they get older.