Module 4.1.1- Basic concepts of organic chemistry

• IUPAC nomenclature of naming organic compounds (alkanes)


  Identify longest continuous chain of carbon atoms Identify any side chains (alkyl groups) and they will be added as a prefixAdd numbers (simplest) to mark position of alkyl groupsFor alicyclic add cyclo- prefix in front
• Naming multiple functional groups


  side chains are named in alphabetical order2-chloro-2-methylbutane in the picture

  
• General formula


  The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

  
• Structural formula


  a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.
• Homologous series


  A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
• Aliphatic


  Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
• Alicyclic


  Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic
• Aromatic


  A compound containing a benzene ring
• Structural isomer


  Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
• Homolytic fission


  each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
• Heterolytic fission


  one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
• Radical


  a species with an unpaired electron

  
• Curly arrows


  Movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond towards a lower electron density
• Addition reaction


  A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

  
• Substitution reaction


  A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

  
• Elimination reaction


  The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule