Sex and gender

• What are the two terms that will be discussed in relation to gender?

  Sex and gender
• How do psychologists define biological sex?

  Biological differences between males and females
• What chromosomes are associated with females and males?

  Females have XX, males have XY
• When is biological sex assigned to someone?

  At the moment of conception
• What does the term gender refer to in psychology?

  Behavioral differences and personality traits
• What is a "sex role stereotype"?

  Expected behaviors for males and females
• How can sex role stereotypes vary?

  They can vary significantly between cultures
• What influences the development of sex role stereotypes?

  Psychological perspectives and socialization
• What term describes individuals with balanced masculine and feminine traits?

  Androgynous
• Who developed the Bem Sex Role Inventory?

  Sandra Bem
• What does the BSRI measure?

  Masculine and feminine personality traits
• How many traits are included in the BSRI?

  60 traits
• What percentage of males and females were classified as androgynous in Bem's study?

  34% of males and 27% of females
• What did Adams and Sherer find regarding gender adjustment?

  Masculine individuals were better adjusted
• What is a limitation of Bem's original study?

  It lacked a category for undifferentiated individuals
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Consistency of scores over multiple tests
• What is a limitation of Bem's traits in the BSRI?

  Some traits may not align with current views
• What positive impact did Bem's work have on society?

  Promoted understanding of gender identity
• What is a criticism of the BSRI regarding individual experiences?

  It oversimplifies gender experiences
• What did Smith and Lloyd's study investigate?

  Mother's play styles with infants
• What did Smith and Lloyd find regarding toy choice?

  Babies were given gender-appropriate toys
• What did Mead's research reveal about gender roles?

  Gender roles vary significantly across cultures
• What did the Mundugumor tribe exhibit in terms of gender roles?

  Both genders were aggressive and competitive
• What did the Tchambuli people demonstrate about gender roles?

  Females were dominant, males were passive
• What is a limitation of sex role stereotypes in modern society?

  They may lack temporal validity
• How can psychological research help with gender discrimination?

  By understanding origins of gender roles
• What are the three competing perspectives on gender development?

  1. Cognitive explanation (Kohlberg)
  2. Psychodynamic explanation (Freud)
  3. Social learning theory
• What are the key traits associated with masculinity and femininity?

  • Masculine traits: assertiveness, competitiveness
  • Feminine traits: nurturing, emotional
• What are the categories of gender identity according to Bem?

  • Masculine
  • Feminine
  • Androgynous
  • Undifferentiated
• What are the implications of sex role stereotypes in society?

  • Influence behavior expectations
  • Affect personal identity and expression
  • Contribute to gender discrimination
• What are the limitations of the BSRI?

  • Oversimplifies gender experiences
  • May lack temporal validity
  • Limited generalizability across cultures
• What are the findings of Smith and Lloyd's study on gender stereotypes?

  • Mothers encouraged gender-appropriate play
  • Infants received toys based on perceived gender
• What did Mead's research reveal about cultural gender roles?

  • Gender roles are culturally constructed
  • Significant variation exists across societies
• How does society's view of gender roles affect individuals?

  • Shapes personal identity
  • Influences behavior and expectations
  • Can lead to discrimination