Pre-conventional level (most common in criminals)

• What characterises the pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

  • morality is based on personal consequences (rewards/punishments), not societal rules
• What are the two stages of the pre-conventional level?

  • stage 1: obedience & punishment - right and wrong are determined by avoiding punishment

  • stage 2: instrumental purpose - actions are based on personal benefit
• How does pre-conventional level link to crime?

  • criminals justify breaking the law if the benefits outweigh the risks if they can avoid punishment