Gender Dysphoria

• What is Gender Dysphoria also known as?

  Transgenderism
• What characterizes Gender Dysphoria?

  Desire to live as the opposite sex
• What does brain sex theory suggest about Gender Dysphoria?

  • Caused by brain structures incompatible with biological sex
  • BSTc size differences observed in transgender individuals
• What did Ning Zhou et al study in relation to Gender Dysphoria?

  Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis size
• What did Gunter Heylens et al (2012) find about MZ and DZ twins?

  Higher concordance for Gender Dysphoria in MZ twins
• What does the concordance rate in MZ twins suggest about Gender Dysphoria?

  Strong heritable component
• What is a weakness of the biological explanation of Gender Dysphoria?

  • Other brain differences exist
  • Rametti's study showed white matter differences
• What did Rametti's study find about transgender individuals' brains?

  White matter corresponds to identified gender
• Why is there contradictory evidence for BSTc in Gender Dysphoria?

  Hormone therapy affects BSTc size
• What does the psychoanalytic theory suggest about Gender Dysphoria in males?

  • Caused by extreme separation anxiety
  • Leads to female identity adoption
• What did Stoller report about Gender Dysphoria males?

  Close mother-son relationships lead to female identification
• What does social constructionism suggest about Gender Dysphoria?

  • Not a biological difference but a social phenomenon
  • Arises from societal pressure to choose gender
• What is a limitation of the psychodynamic explanation of Gender Dysphoria?

  • Incomplete for biological females
  • Does not account for all cases of Gender Dysphoria
• What did Rekers find about Gender Dysphoria in males?

  More likely associated with absence of father
• What supports the social constructionism theory of Gender Dysphoria?

  • Some cultures recognize more than two genders
  • Non-binary identities are increasing in society