sociologists

• what does Hubbs tait et al say?

  parents use language to challenge children to evaluate, which improves cognitive and educational performance
• what does Bereiter and Engleman say?

  language used in lower class homes is deficient
• what does Bernstein say?

  restricted code (wc), elaborated code (mc)
• what does douglas say?

  working parents placed less value on education, e.g. less likely to visit the school or encourage their children
• what does feinstien say?

  mc parents more likely to be better educated, so their children have an advantage
• what does sugarman say?

  WC subculture is a barrier to educational achievement - fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present time orientation