Translation

• Nucleic acids are biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information in living organisms.
• There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• DNA is primarily found in the cell nucleus, while RNA is involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis.
• After transcription, the mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules move from the nucleus through the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm, where they bind to the 5' prime end of the ribosomes.
• mRNA molecules, also known as messenger RNA, hold the message or instructions in the cell nucleus.
• A codon is a group of three bases of mRNA.
• Farmeshift mutation is shift of start codon to wrong spot
• To avoid frameshift mutations, a start codon (AUG) initiates the protein synthesis process.
• Ribosomes ignore all nucleotides before the start codon (AUG).
• Each codon codes for a single nucleotide or amino acid.
• tRNA (transfer RNA) has two ends: one end attaches to an amino acid, and the other end attaches to the hydrogen bond of the specific codon it recognizes.
• The part that attaches to the hydrogen bond is called the anticodon.
• Peptide bonds form between codons during protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes stop production of proteins when they encounter a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA).
• Some examples of codons and the corresponding amino acids include: AUG codon codes for Methionine (MET), AAC codon codes for Asparagine (ASN), GUC codon codes for Valine (VAL), GAG codon codes for Glutamic Acid (GLY).
• There are three stop codons in the genetic code: UAA, UAG, and UGA.
• Methyl groups prevent genes from being transcribed, while acetyl groups activate genes.
• Peptide bonds link amino acids together during protein synthesis.
• The process of protein synthesis involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA, the movement of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the binding of mRNA to ribosomes, and the translation of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.
• The genetic code, consisting of codons, determines the order of amino acids in the protein.
• Each codon codes for a single nucleotide.
• DNA polymerase has two ends, one which attaches to the nucleotide in one or two touches to the exposed hydrogen bond on the specific: recognize it.
• The part that attaches to the expose hydrogen bond is an anti-codon.
• Ribosome start production of proteins with start codon.
• AUG codon is Methionine(MET).
• A GUC codon is Valine(VAL).
• A GAG codon is Glutamic Acid(GLU).
• There are three stop codons,UAA,UAG,UGA.
• Methyl groups turn off certain genes and prevent them from being transcribed.
• Acetyl groups activate genes.
• Operons can either synthesize proteins, or digest them.
• Transcription factors control small scale gene regulation.
• Transcription factors help on a polymerase online itself on the promoter.
• genes utilize activators to make RNA polymerase more efficient.
• Operons have evolved in prokaryotes to regulate the expression of multiple genes at once.
• Operons are made up of structural genes, promoters, regulatory genes, and an operator.
• Structural genes code for specific enzymes needed to convert proteins.
• Promoters or an area of DNA or RNA polymerase will eventually land on.
• Regulatory genes are genes upstream of the structural gene.
• Operator piece of DNA within the promoter and it's also where the repressor binds to the DNA which blocks or any polymerase.