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Sociology
families and households
demography
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Created by
maisie millar
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Cards (59)
What is a population?
All the
members
of a group
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How is 'births' defined?
How many
babies
are born
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What does 'deaths' refer to?
How many people
die
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What is immigration?
How many
people
enter the
country
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What is emigration?
How many
people
leave the
country
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What is demography?
The study of
populations
and their characteristics
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What are the key characteristics studied in demography?
Size
Age structure
Births
Deaths
Immigration
Emigration
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What is the birth rate?
Live births per 1000 of the population per year
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What is the fertility rate?
Average number of children per woman between 15-44 (fertility years)
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What are the four reasons for declining births?
Changes in women’s
positions
Declining
infant mortality
Children as an economic liability
Child
centredness
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What did Harper (2012) find about women aged 45?
1 out of 5
were childless
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What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?
Infants dying before their first
birthday
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Why is the IMR declining?
Due to medical
advancements
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Which country has the lowest IMR?
Japan
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Which country has the highest IMR?
Nigeria
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What is the average cost of raising a child for a couple?
£160,692
from birth to
18
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What is the average cost of raising a child for a single parent?
£193,801
from birth to 18
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What does it mean that children are seen as an economic liability?
They cost parents
a lot of money
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What does child centredness prioritize?
Quality
of child's health and wellbeing
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What is the dependency ratio?
Proportion of
population
that is
dependent
on
welfare
, compared to employed population
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Who supports the dependent population?
The
working population
through
taxes
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Why are children considered a burden in the dependency ratio?
They make up the
majority
of the dependent population
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What is the definition of death rate?
The number of
deaths per 1000
population
per year
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What has happened to the death rate in recent years?
The
death
rate
has
fallen
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What are the four reasons for declining death rates?
Improved
nutrition
Medical improvements
Public health measures
Environmental improvement
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Who proposed that there has been an improvement in overall standards of living?
McKeown
(
1962
)
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What are some social policies that have contributed to improved living standards?
NHS
Pensions
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What has happened to medical care and knowledge?
Better medical care and knowledge have
improved
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How have jobs changed in relation to physical demands?
Jobs
are
less
physical
now
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What improvements have been made in hygiene and food safety?
Improved
hygiene,
clean
water, and
refrigerated
food
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What does the term "nanny state" refer to?
The
government
regulates
and
controls
our
lives
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What do functionalists believe about specialized institutions in society?
Society
improves
as
institutions specialize
This results in
greater life expectancy
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What is the trend in the average age of the UK population?
The average age is
increasing
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Why is the average age of the UK population increasing?
People are living
longer
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What demographic change is occurring in the UK population?
Fewer
young people
and more
elderly people
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What was the average age of the UK population in 1971?
34 years
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What is the projected average age of the UK population by 2031?
43
years
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What does the Griffiths report from the 1980s predict about elderly care costs?
Costs will increase dramatically in
future
years
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Why will elderly care costs increase according to the Griffiths report?
Due to
'baby boomers'
retiring at the same age
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What is the retirement age in the USA?
70 years
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See all 59 cards
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