demography

    Cards (59)

    • What is a population?
      All the members of a group
    • How is 'births' defined?
      How many babies are born
    • What does 'deaths' refer to?
      How many people die
    • What is immigration?
      How many people enter the country
    • What is emigration?
      How many people leave the country
    • What is demography?
      The study of populations and their characteristics
    • What are the key characteristics studied in demography?
      • Size
      • Age structure
      • Births
      • Deaths
      • Immigration
      • Emigration
    • What is the birth rate?
      Live births per 1000 of the population per year
    • What is the fertility rate?
      Average number of children per woman between 15-44 (fertility years)
    • What are the four reasons for declining births?
      1. Changes in women’s positions
      2. Declining infant mortality
      3. Children as an economic liability
      4. Child centredness
    • What did Harper (2012) find about women aged 45?
      1 out of 5 were childless
    • What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?
      Infants dying before their first birthday
    • Why is the IMR declining?
      Due to medical advancements
    • Which country has the lowest IMR?
      Japan
    • Which country has the highest IMR?
      Nigeria
    • What is the average cost of raising a child for a couple?
      £160,692 from birth to 18
    • What is the average cost of raising a child for a single parent?
      £193,801 from birth to 18
    • What does it mean that children are seen as an economic liability?
      They cost parents a lot of money
    • What does child centredness prioritize?
      Quality of child's health and wellbeing
    • What is the dependency ratio?
      Proportion of population that is dependent on welfare, compared to employed population
    • Who supports the dependent population?
      The working population through taxes
    • Why are children considered a burden in the dependency ratio?
      They make up the majority of the dependent population
    • What is the definition of death rate?
      The number of deaths per 1000 population per year
    • What has happened to the death rate in recent years?
      The death rate has fallen
    • What are the four reasons for declining death rates?
      • Improved nutrition
      • Medical improvements
      • Public health measures
      • Environmental improvement
    • Who proposed that there has been an improvement in overall standards of living?
      McKeown (1962)
    • What are some social policies that have contributed to improved living standards?
      • NHS
      • Pensions
    • What has happened to medical care and knowledge?
      Better medical care and knowledge have improved
    • How have jobs changed in relation to physical demands?
      Jobs are less physical now
    • What improvements have been made in hygiene and food safety?
      Improved hygiene, clean water, and refrigerated food
    • What does the term "nanny state" refer to?
      The government regulates and controls our lives
    • What do functionalists believe about specialized institutions in society?
      • Society improves as institutions specialize
      • This results in greater life expectancy
    • What is the trend in the average age of the UK population?
      The average age is increasing
    • Why is the average age of the UK population increasing?
      People are living longer
    • What demographic change is occurring in the UK population?
      Fewer young people and more elderly people
    • What was the average age of the UK population in 1971?
      34 years
    • What is the projected average age of the UK population by 2031?
      43 years
    • What does the Griffiths report from the 1980s predict about elderly care costs?
      Costs will increase dramatically in future years
    • Why will elderly care costs increase according to the Griffiths report?
      Due to 'baby boomers' retiring at the same age
    • What is the retirement age in the USA?
      70 years
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