Whether exposure has an effect

• What did Wellman et Al (2006) find about tobacco advertising and smoking behaviour?

  • exposure to tobacco marketing and smoking in media doubled the chances of children starting to smoke
• What did Hanewinkel et Al (2014) discover about media exposure and alcohol use in teenagers?

  • in a study of 12-14-year-olds, those exposed to alcohol in films were more likely to start drinking within a year